Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Settings, and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Physical Characteristics
2.2.2. Self-Rated Health (SRH)
2.2.3. Physical Fitness
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Approval
Provenance and Peer Review
References
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Children | Adolescents | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Baseline | 2-year Follow-Up | Baseline | 2-year Follow-Up | |||||||||
(n = 687) | (n = 613) | p | (n = 691) | (n = 495) | p | ||||||||
Physical characteristics | |||||||||||||
Age (years) | 10.63 | (1.37) | 12.59 | (1.33) | <0.001 | 14.65 | 1.49 | 16.34 | (1.39) | <0.001 | |||
Weight (kg) | 41.33 | (11.17) | 50.18 | (11.03) | <0.001 | 56.69 | 11.88 | 61.31 | (11.72) | <0.001 | |||
Height (cm) | 144.22 | (10.44) | 155.6 | (10.45) | <0.001 | 162.73 | 9.38 | 167.5 | (8.51) | <0.001 | |||
Weight status (n, %) | |||||||||||||
Underweight | 21 | (3) | 24 | (4) | <0.001 | 22 | (3) | 19 | (3) | <0.001 | |||
Normal weight | 357 | (52) | 355 | (58) | 516 | (75) | 371 | (75) | |||||
Overweight | 235 | (34) | 178 | (29) | 116 | (17) | 86 | (17) | |||||
Obese | 74 | (11) | 56 | (9) | 37 | (5) | 19 | (3) | |||||
Pubertal status (n, %) | |||||||||||||
1 | 98 | (14) | 4 | (0.6) | <0.001 | 36 | (5) | - | - | <0.001 | |||
2 | 467 | (68) | 138 | (22) | 201 | (29) | 3 | (0.6) | |||||
3 | 114 | (17) | 270 | (44) | 311 | (46) | 67 | (13) | |||||
4 | 8 | (1) | 142 | (23) | 137 | (20) | 218 | (44) | |||||
5 | - | - | 59 | (9) | - | - | 207 | (42) | |||||
Self-reported health (n, %) | 3.99 | (0.81) | 4.00 | (0.82) | 0.867 | 3.74 | (0.81) | 2.64 | (0.80) | <0.001 | |||
1 | 2 | (0.3) | 2 | (0.3) | <0.001 | 2 | (0.3) | - | - | <0.001 | |||
2 | 17 | (2) | 13 | (2) | 32 | (5) | 31 | (6) | |||||
3 | 166 | (24) | 153 | (25) | 232 | (34) | 185 | (37) | |||||
4 | 301 | (44) | 258 | (42) | 306 | (44) | 209 | (42) | |||||
5 | 201 | (29) | 187 | (31) | 119 | (17) | 70 | (14) | |||||
Physical fitness | |||||||||||||
Cardiorespiratory fitness (stage) | 3.69 | (1.84) | 4.93 | (0.99) | <0.001 | 5.78 | (2.53) | 6.32 | (1.00) | <0.001 | |||
Upper isometric muscular strength (kg) | 16.91 | (4.74) | 22.27 | (7.05) | <0.001 | 27.67 | (7.77) | 32.26 | (8.06) | <0.001 | |||
UIMS/WG | 0.41 | (0.08) | 0.44 | (0.10) | <0.001 | 0.49 | (0.10) | 0.53 | (0.10) | <0.001 | |||
Lower body explosive strength (cm) | 130.35 | (23.39) | 145.0 | (27.51) | <0.001 | 164.06 | (33.51) | 174.7 | (36.84) | <0.001 | |||
Motor fitness (s) | 13.27 | (1.15) | 12.43 | (0.98) | 0.454 | 12.07 | (1.14) | 11.75 | (1.01) | 0.395 | |||
Muscular strength score (z-score) | −0.03 | (1.73) | −0.01 | (1.69) | 0.895 | 0.06 | (1.70) | 0.02 | (1.66) | 0.733 | |||
Global physical fitness (z-score) | −0.07 | (3.22) | −0.02 | (1.92) | 0.798 | 0.19 | (3.08) | 0.03 | (1.77) | 0316 |
Children (n = 687) | Adolescents (n = 691) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Model 1 | ||||||
Pubertal status | 1.068 | 0.834–1.369 | 0.601 | 1.050 | 0.873–1.265 | 0.603 |
Gender | 1.156 | 0.847–1.580 | 0.360 | 0.844 | 0.581–1.226 | 0.373 |
BMI | 0.942 | 0.898–0.988 | 0.014 | 0.919 | 0.874–0.966 | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.048 | 1.020–1.076 | <0.001 | 1.057 | 1.037–1.076 | <0.001 |
Pubertal status | 0.964 | 0.757–1.227 | 0.766 | 0.903 | 0.755–1.078 | 0.260 |
Gender | 0.995 | 0.748–1.325 | 0.975 | 0.490 | 0.357–0.672 | <0.001 |
UIMS/WG | 18.921 | 3.471–104.355 | <0.001 | 5.707 | 1.122–29.205 | 0.036 |
Pubertal status | 1.061 | 0.828–1.359 | 0.641 | 1.032 | 0.852–1.252 | 0.747 |
Gender | 0.946 | 0.707–1.267 | 0.710 | 0.515 | 0.360–0.736 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.911 | 0.872–0.952 | <0.001 | 0.882 | 0.841–0.925 | <0.001 |
Lower body explosive strength | 1.002 | 0.996–1.008 | 0.535 | 1.004 | 0.999–1.010 | 0.112 |
Pubertal status | 1.057 | 0.825–1.354 | 0.661 | 1.004 | 0.828–1.217 | 0.969 |
Gender | 0.967 | 0.719–1.299 | 0.823 | 0.554 | 0.393–0.778 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.915 | 0.874–0.956 | <0.001 | 0.889 | 0.847–0.932 | <0.001 |
Motor fitness | 1.067 | 0.933–1.184 | 0.313 | 1.192 | 1.066–1.309 | 0.007 |
Pubertal status | 0.976 | 0.766–1.243 | 0.841 | 0.899 | 0.753–1.073 | 0.237 |
Gender | 0.982 | 0.740–1.303 | 0.900 | 0.482 | 0.356–0.650 | <0.001 |
Muscular strength score | 1.213 | 1.117–1.319 | <0.001 | 1.169 | 1.070–1.278 | <0.001 |
Pubertal status | 0.980 | 0.769–1.249 | 0.872 | 0.898 | 0.752–1.073 | 0.236 |
Gender | 0.959 | 0.724–1.272 | 0.773 | 0.472 | 0.350–0.635 | <0.001 |
Global physical fitness | 1.170 | 1.081–1.266 | <0.001 | 1.154 | 1.100–1.210 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | ||||||
Pubertal status | 1.012 | 0.794–1.292 | 0.921 | 0.967 | 0.802–1.166 | 0.723 |
Gender | 1.233 | 0.902–1.688 | 0.189 | 0.948 | 0.646–1.391 | 0.785 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.059 | 1.029–1.090 | <0.001 | 1.073 | 1.050–1.097 | <0.001 |
UIMS/WG | 5.993 | 0.670–54.072 | 0.109 | 0.487 | 0.063–3.757 | 0.490 |
Lower body explosive strength | 1.000 | 0.991–1.009 | 0.954 | 0.996 | 0.988–1.003 | 0.342 |
Motor fitness | 0.979 | 0.804–1.192 | 0.829 | 1.180 | 0.944–1.475 | 0.147 |
Children (n = 613) | Adolescents (n = 496) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Model 3 | ||||||
Pubertal status | 0.854 | 0.714–1.019 | 0.080 | 0.983 | 0.752–1.285 | 0.900 |
Gender | 0.873 | 0.627–1.217 | 0.423 | 0.603 | 0.380–0.953 | 0.031 |
BMI | 0.954 | 0.910–0.999 | 0.044 | 0.961 | 0.907–1.018 | 0.175 |
SRH baseline | 1.910 | 1.562–2.341 | <0.001 | 3.652 | 2.806–4.783 | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.056 | 1.023–1.091 | <0.001 | 1.024 | 0.999–1.051 | 0.058 |
Pubertal status | 0.746 | 0.629–0.885 | <0.001 | 0.942 | 0.724–1.225 | 0.656 |
Gender | 0.705 | 0.520–0.956 | 0.025 | 0.477 | 0.318–0.713 | <0.001 |
SRH baseline | 2.032 | 1.663–2.488 | <0.001 | 3.980 | 3.082–5.176 | <0.001 |
UIMS/WG | 2.154 | 0.344–13.519 | 0.412 | 0.981 | 0.135–7.164 | 0.985 |
Pubertal status | 0.782 | 0.643–0.949 | 0.013 | 1.027 | 0.782–1.350 | 0.847 |
Gender | 0.726 | 0.530–0.992 | 0.045 | 0.412 | 0.266–0.633 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.933 | 0.891–0.976 | 0.002 | 0.942 | 0.890–0.998 | 0.042 |
SRH baseline | 1.972 | 1.615–1.012 | <0.001 | 3.871 | 2.985–5.055 | <0.001 |
Lower body explosive strength | 1.004 | 0.996–1.012 | 0.326 | 0.996 | 0.989–1.002 | 0.164 |
Pubertal status | 0.810 | 0.673–0.974 | 0.025 | 1.001 | 0.763–1.314 | 0.993 |
Gender | 0.703 | 0.512–0.964 | 0.029 | 0.452 | 0.296–0.687 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.928 | 0.886–0.971 | 0.001 | 0.947 | 0.894–1.002 | 0.061 |
SRH baseline | 1.981 | 1.622–2.427 | <0.001 | 3.857 | 2.972–5.039 | <0.001 |
Motor fitness | 1.022 | 0.873–1.196 | 0.785 | 0.952 | 0.794–1.141 | 0.592 |
Pubertal status | 0.744 | 0.627–0.881 | <0.001 | 0.934 | 0.717–1.218 | 0.615 |
Gender | 0.712 | 0.526–0.962 | 0.027 | 0.491 | 0.332–0.724 | <0.001 |
SRH baseline | 1.980 | 1.619–2.427 | <0.001 | 4.040 | 3.118–5.271 | <0.001 |
Muscular strength score | 1.110 | 1.105–1.213 | 0.052 | 1.012 | 0.911–1.125 | 0.822 |
Pubertal status | 0.797 | 0.667–0.950 | 0.011 | 0.956 | 0.729–1.254 | 0.747 |
Gender | 0.691 | 0.511–0.934 | 0.016 | 0.461 | 0.313–0.678 | <0.001 |
SRH baseline | 1.901 | 1.554–2.333 | <0.001 | 3.715 | 2.860–4.856 | <0.001 |
Global physical fitness | 1.086 | 1.026–1.150 | 0.004 | 1.053 | 0.990–1.119 | 0.101 |
Model 4 | ||||||
Pubertal status | 0.808 | 0.665–0.980 | 0.031 | 1.016 | 0.775–1.333 | 0.901 |
Gender | 0.946 | 0.677–1.323 | 0.747 | 0.566 | 0.355–0.898 | 0.016 |
SRH baseline | 1.943 | 1.588–2.384 | <0.001 | 3.720 | 2.861–4.870 | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.075 | 1.040–1.112 | <0.001 | 1.043 | 1.014–1.074 | 0.003 |
UIMS/WG | 0.214 | 0.020–2.213 | 0.196 | 1.665 | 0.129–21.579 | 0.696 |
Lower body explosive strength | 1.008 | 0.998–1.018 | 0.134 | 0.991 | 0.981–1.001 | 0.068 |
Motor fitness | 0.917 | 0.740–1.137 | 0.431 | 1.003 | 0.765–1.313 | 0.985 |
Model 5 | ||||||
Pubertal status | 1.339 | 1.124–1.596 | 0.001 | 1.071 | 0.818–1.404 | 0.617 |
Gender | 1.494 | 1.099–2.036 | 0.010 | 2.145 | 1.445–3.200 | <0.001 |
SRH baseline | 5.730 | 4.535–7.296 | <0.001 | 4.294 | 3.296–5.646 | <0.001 |
Δ Global physical fitness | 0.942 | 0.883–1.006 | 0.076 | 1.002 | 0.922–1.088 | 0.965 |
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Padilla-Moledo, C.; Fernández-Santos, J.D.; Izquierdo-Gómez, R.; Esteban-Cornejo, I.; Rio-Cozar, P.; Carbonell-Baeza, A.; Castro-Piñero, J. Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072413
Padilla-Moledo C, Fernández-Santos JD, Izquierdo-Gómez R, Esteban-Cornejo I, Rio-Cozar P, Carbonell-Baeza A, Castro-Piñero J. Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072413
Chicago/Turabian StylePadilla-Moledo, Carmen, Jorge DR Fernández-Santos, Rocio Izquierdo-Gómez, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Paula Rio-Cozar, Ana Carbonell-Baeza, and Jose Castro-Piñero. 2020. "Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072413