Effects of Changes in Acoustic and Non-Acoustic Factors on Public Health and Reactions: Follow-Up Surveys in the Vicinity of the Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Sites
2.2. Socio-Acoustic and Health Surveys
2.3. Noise Estimation
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data of the Surveys’ Respondents
3.2. Increase in Number of Flights and Noise Levels
3.3. Changes in General Annoyance and Sleep Effects
3.4. Effects of Residential Factors and Changes of Noise Exposure on Annoyance and ISM
- ΔLden ≤ 0, 2nd & 3rd: Among the respondents that participated in the 2nd and 3rd surveys, the value of 1 was given to those who lived in the area such that Lden was similar to or lower than that of the 1st survey, and otherwise 0.
- ΔLden > 0, 2nd & 3rd: Among the respondents that participated the 2nd and 3rd surveys, the value of 1 was given to those who lived in the area such that Lden was higher than that of the 1st survey, and otherwise 0.
- ΔLden ≤ 0, 4th & 5th: Among the respondents that participated in the 4th and 5th surveys, the value of 1 was given to those who lived in the area such that Lden was similar to or lower than that of the 1st survey, and otherwise 0.
- ΔLden > 0, 4th & 5th: Among the respondents that participated in the 4th and 5th surveys, the value of 1 was given to those who lived in the area such that Lden was higher than that of the 1st survey, and otherwise 0.
3.5. Health Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Declination of Excess Response Over Time
4.2. Effects of Non-Acoustic Factors
4.3. Health Effects of Aircraft Noise
4.4. Limitations and Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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18. Please Answer This Question Concerning Your Sleep: | |||
---|---|---|---|
(1) Do you have any trouble with your sleep? | |||
No ( ) | |||
Yes ( ) | |||
If you answered “Yes” to the above question, please choose appropriate numbers for each item. | |||
1 Occasionally | 2 Once or twice a week | 3 More than 3 times a week | |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
(2) If you have trouble with your sleep, do you think that it is due to the aircraft noise? | |||
No ( ) | |||
Yes ( ) |
Items | Surveys | Vietnamese Census (2018) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | |||
Number of respondents | 890 | 1109 | 1286 | 623 | 132 | ||
Response rate (%) | 68.5 | 85.3 | 98.8 | 95.8 | 83.3 | ||
Gender | Male | 54.1 | 52.4 | 49.4 | 47.7 | 40.9 | 49.5 |
Female | 45.9 | 47.6 | 50.6 | 52.3 | 59.1 | 50.5 | |
Age | 20–50 years | 82.2 | 84.3 | 84.7 | 75.5 | 71.2 | 88.6 |
≥60 years | 17.8 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 24.5 | 28.8 | 11.4 | |
Length of residence | Under 5 years | 15.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 6.4 | |
5 years or more | 84.5 | 89.9 | 89.3 | 91.0 | 93.6 | ||
Occupation | Employment | 53.5 | 60.3 | 60.4 | 51.4 | 75.0 | 56.5 |
Student, housewife, retired, unemployed | 46.5 | 39.7 | 39.6 | 48.6 | 25.0 | 43.5 |
Time Period | Surveys | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operation Modes | Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | |
Day (6:00–18:00) | Arrival | 84 | 104 | 100 | 120 | 141 |
Departure | 90 | 109 | 107 | 135 | 123 | |
Total | 174 | 213 | 207 | 255 | 264 | |
Evening (18:00–22:00) | Arrival | 32 | 43 | 39 | 47 | 12 |
Departure | 16 | 27 | 22 | 35 | 13 | |
Total | 48 | 70 | 61 | 82 | 25 | |
Night (22:00–6:00) | Arrival | 9 | 16 | 14 | 38 | 77 |
Departure | 21 | 26 | 25 | 36 | 94 | |
Total | 30 | 42 | 39 | 74 | 171 | |
All day | Arrival | 125 | 163 | 153 | 205 | 230 |
Departure | 127 | 162 | 154 | 206 | 230 | |
Total | 252 | 325 | 307 | 411 | 460 |
Site | Lden | Lnight | ∆Lden | ∆Lnight | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | |
A1 | 55 | 55 | 53 | 53 | 55 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 48 | 0 | −2 | −2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 3 |
A2 | 55 | 56 | 54 | 56 | 58 | 45 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 51 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
A3 | 62 | 64 | 62 | 60 | 62 | 53 | 56 | 55 | 51 | 56 | 2 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | −2 | 3 |
A4 | 54 | 56 | 57 | 61 | 63 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
A5 | 61 | 61 | 68 | 71 | 73 | 51 | 53 | 59 | 61 | 69 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 18 |
A6 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 50 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 58 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
A7 | 66 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 67 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 60 | −4 | −4 | −2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 5 |
A8 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 55 | 60 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −3 | 2 |
A9 | 63 | 60 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 55 | 53 | 56 | 56 | 60 | −3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | −2 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
A10 | 60 | 58 | 59 | 58 | 60 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 48 | 53 | −2 | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −4 | 1 |
A11 | 60 | 57 | 59 | 57 | 59 | 52 | 50 | 52 | 48 | 52 | −3 | −1 | −3 | −1 | −2 | 0 | −4 | 0 |
A12 | 45 | 45 | 49 | 42 | 44 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 34 | 36 | 0 | 4 | −3 | −1 | 2 | 3 | −2 | 0 |
A13 | 47 | 44 | 51 | 42 | 44 | 36 | 38 | 44 | 34 | 36 | −3 | 4 | −5 | −3 | 2 | 8 | −2 | 0 |
Site | % HA | % ISM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 | |
A1 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
A2 | 9 | 36 | 29 | 14 | 20 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 20 |
A3 | 59 | 71 | 65 | 96 | 60 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 2 | 22 |
A4 | 48 | 83 | 92 | 78 | 60 | 18 | 27 | 22 | 19 | 20 |
A5 | 48 | 74 | 96 | 92 | 90 | 9 | 34 | 17 | 44 | 40 |
A6 | 71 | 64 | 84 | 83 | 60 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 17 | 10 |
A7 | 44 | 12 | 61 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 18 | 9 | 0 | 10 |
A8 | 58 | 55 | 69 | 33 | 80 | 33 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
A9 | 28 | 38 | 56 | 53 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 24 | 11 | 10 |
A10 | 10 | 10 | 28 | 34 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 12 | 10 | 10 |
A11 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 40 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 30 |
A12 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
A13 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Residential Factors (%) | Sep 2014 | Mar 2015 | Sep 2015 | Nov 2017 | Aug 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of residence ≤ 5 years | 15.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 6.4 |
Floor area ≤ 100 m2 | 40.6 | 71.4 | 67.7 | 51.1 | - |
Bad sound insulation | 33.0 | 31.0 | 38.9 | 32.4 | - |
Bedroom facing road | - | 35.3 | 31.0 | 44.2 | - |
No air-conditioner installed | - | 71.5 | 71.2 | 50.1 | - |
Item | Category | Estimate | Std Error | p-Value | Odds Ratio | Lower 95% | Upper 95% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annoyance | |||||||
Intercept | −18.008 | 1.227 | <0001 | ||||
Ldena | 0.260 | 0.020 | <0001 | 1.297 | 1.248 | 1.349 | |
ΔLden b | 1st Survey | 1 | |||||
ΔLden ≤ 0, 2nd & 3rd | 0.563 | 0.140 | 0.0001 | 1.757 | 1.335 | 2.311 | |
ΔLden > 0, 2nd & 3rd | 2.206 | 0.191 | <0001 | 9.079 | 6.245 | 13.199 | |
ΔLden ≤ 0, 4th & 5th | 0.267 | 0.226 | 0.2362 | 1.307 | 0.839 | 2.034 | |
ΔLden > 0, 4th & 5th | 1.331 | 0.306 | <0001 | 3.785 | 2.080 | 6.888 | |
Sex | Male | 1 | |||||
Female | 0.153 | 0.100 | 0.1283 | 1.165 | 0.957 | 1.418 | |
Age | ≤ 60 years | 1 | |||||
> 60 years | −0.055 | 0.137 | 0.6887 | 0.947 | 0.724 | 1.238 | |
Noise sensitivity | Not sensitive | 1 | |||||
Sensitive | 2.065 | 0.119 | <0001 | 7.883 | 6.244 | 9.951 | |
Noise sensitivity * Lden | −0.096 | 0.025 | 0.0001 | ||||
Length of residence | >5 years | 1 | |||||
≤ 5years | −0.446 | 0.169 | 0.0083 | 0.640 | 0.460 | 0.891 | |
Floor area | > 100 m2 | 1 | |||||
≤ 100 m2 | −0.044 | 0.108 | 0.6831 | 0.957 | 0.774 | 1.183 | |
Sound insulation | Good | 1 | |||||
Not good | 0.367 | 0.104 | 0.0004 | 1.443 | 1.176 | 1.770 |
Item | Category | Estimate | Std Error | p-Value | Odds Ratio | Lower 95% | Upper 95% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −11.176 | 1.388 | <0001 | ||||
Lnighta | 0.140 | 0.026 | <0001 | 1.150 | 1.211 | 0.869 | |
ΔLnight b | 1st Survey | 1 | |||||
ΔLnight ≤ 0, 2nd & 3rd | 0.239 | 0.334 | 0.4757 | 1.269 | 0.659 | 2.445 | |
ΔLnight >0, 2nd & 3rd | 0.984 | 0.223 | <0001 | 2.676 | 1.728 | 4.144 | |
ΔLnight ≤ 0, 4th & 5th | 0.149 | 0.425 | 0.7261 | 1.161 | 0.504 | 2.672 | |
ΔLnight > 0, 4th & 5th | 1.223 | 0.302 | 0.0001 | 3.398 | 1.881 | 6.139 | |
Sex | Male | 1 | |||||
Female | 0.427 | 0.129 | 0.0010 | 1.533 | 1.190 | 1.974 | |
Age | ≤ 60 years | 1 | |||||
> 60 years | 0.142 | 0.167 | 0.3930 | 1.153 | 0.832 | 1.599 | |
Noise sensitivity | Not sensitive | 1 | |||||
Sensitive | 1.405 | 0.172 | <0001 | 4.077 | 2.911 | 5.712 | |
Noise sensitivity * Lnight | −0.147 | 0.031 | <0001 | ||||
Length of residence | > 5 years | 1 | |||||
≤ 5 years | −0.181 | 0.233 | 0.4364 | 0.834 | 0.529 | 1.317 | |
Floor area | >100 m2 | 1 | |||||
≤100 m2 | −0.145 | 0.139 | 0.2955 | 0.865 | 0.659 | 1.135 | |
Sound insulation | Good | 1 | |||||
Not good | 0.362 | 0.132 | 0.0061 | 1.437 | 1.109 | 1.861 |
Site | Nov 2017 (Self-Reported) | Aug 2018 (Self-Reported) | Aug 2018 (Measured) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Response | % HBP a | No. of Responses | % HBP | No. of Response | % HBP | |
A1 | 46/50 | 37 | - | - | 10/10 | 50 |
A2 | 12/50 | 67 | 1/10 | 100 | 10/10 | 30 |
A3 | 17/50 | 0 | 3/10 | 33 | 10/10 | 10 |
A4 | 2/50 | 50 | 2/10 | 50 | 10/10 | 20 |
A5 | 26/50 | 27 | 1/10 | 0 | 10/10 | 0 |
A6 | - | - | 1/10 | 100 | 10/10 | 0 |
A7 | 13/50 | 15 | 1/10 | 0 | 10/10 | 20 |
A8 | 4/50 | 25 | - | - | 9/10 | 33 |
A9 | 5/47 | 20 | 2/10 | 0 | 10/10 | 60 |
A10 | 18/50 | 11 | 1/10 | 0 | 10/10 | 40 |
A11 | 5/50 | 100 | 1/10 | 0 | 9/10 | 22 |
A12 | 23/50 | 17 | 3/10 | 33 | 10/11 | 70 |
A13 | 18/50 | 22 | 3/10 | 33 | 10/11 | 20 |
Noise Level Ranges Lden a (dB) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<55 | 55–60 | 60–65 | 65–70 | > 70 | |||
Nov 2017 | % HBP | 46 | 51.4 | 37.8 | 100 | 100 | < 0.01 |
(self-reported) | Response number | 40/87 | 18/35 | 14/37 | 4/4 | 26/26 | |
Aug 2018 | % HBP | 50 | 50 | 16.7 | 20 | 0 | 0.174 |
(self-reported) | Response number | 3/6 | 1/2 | 1/6 | 1/5 | 0/1 | |
Aug 2018 (measured) | % HBP | 45 | 33.3 | 30 | 38 | 30 | 0.556 |
Response number | 9/20 | 10/30 | 6/20 | 19/50 | 3/10 |
Item | Estimate | Std Error | p-Value | Odds Ratio | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.091 | 2.313 | 0.6372 | ||||
Ldena | −0.063 | 0.036 | 0.0835 | 0.939 | 0.870 | 1.006 | |
Age | 20–50 years | 1 | |||||
≥60 years | 2.422 | 0.719 | <0.001 | 11.270 | 2.754 | 46.118 | |
Self-evaluated Health status | Positive | 1 | |||||
Negative | −0.249 | 0.591 | 0.6736 | 0.674 | 0.245 | 2.484 | |
Noise sensitivity | Not sensitive | 1 | |||||
Sensitive | −2.122 | 0.934 | <0.05 | 0.128 | 0.020 | 0.838 | |
Stress | Positive | 1 | |||||
Negative | −1.736 | 1.266 | 0.1704 | 0.120 | 0.015 | 2.108 | |
Medical problems | Positive | 1 | |||||
Negative | −0.423 | 0.618 | 0.4930 | 0.655 | 0.195 | 2.197 | |
Smoking | Non–smoking | 1 | |||||
Smoking | 0.641 | 0.696 | 0.3567 | 1.899 | 0.486 | 7.423 | |
Drinking alcohol | Not drinking | 1 | |||||
Drinking | 0.762 | 0.677 | 0.2603 | 2.143 | 0.537 | 7.758 |
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Nguyen, T.L.; Trieu, B.L.; Hiraguri, Y.; Morinaga, M.; Morihara, T.; Yano, T. Effects of Changes in Acoustic and Non-Acoustic Factors on Public Health and Reactions: Follow-Up Surveys in the Vicinity of the Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072597
Nguyen TL, Trieu BL, Hiraguri Y, Morinaga M, Morihara T, Yano T. Effects of Changes in Acoustic and Non-Acoustic Factors on Public Health and Reactions: Follow-Up Surveys in the Vicinity of the Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072597
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thu Lan, Bach Lien Trieu, Yasuhiro Hiraguri, Makoto Morinaga, Takashi Morihara, and Takashi Yano. 2020. "Effects of Changes in Acoustic and Non-Acoustic Factors on Public Health and Reactions: Follow-Up Surveys in the Vicinity of the Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072597