Event-Based Heat-Related Risk Assessment Model for South Korea Using Maximum Perceived Temperature, Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, and Air Temperature Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Temperature Indicators
2.1.1. Perceived Temperature
2.1.2. Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
2.2. Study Area and Data
2.3. Event-Based Heat-Related Risk Assessment Model
3. Results
3.1. Consideration of Regions in Risk Assessment Models
3.2. Consideration of the Age in Risk Assessment Models
3.3. Consideration of the Region and Age in Risk Assessment Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index (Unit) | Perceived Temperature (°C) | Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (°C) | Air Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Type | Rationale | Direct | Direct |
Measured of derived | Derived | Derived | Measured |
Thermophysiological model | Klima–Michel model (KMM), parameterizations derived from a two-node model [32] | NA | NA |
The measure of assessment scale | Thermal perception; thermophysiological stress, directly linked to PMV-scale | NA | NA |
Input variables | , RH, wind speed, mean radiant temperature, M | , RH | |
Ease of interpretation | Complex | Moderate | Simple |
Reference | Jendritzky et al. [33] Staiger, Laschewski, and Grätz [12] | Yaglou and Minard [34] Lee et al. [35] | NA |
Indicator | City | (°C) | L (Day) | (10−6 ·Day−1 °C) | (10−6 ·Day−1) | Annual MEMR (10−6 ·Year−1) | The Number of Events | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTmax | Seoul | 38 | 2 | 0.59 | 9.63 | 0.097 *** | 23.27 | 58 |
Incheon | 44 | 3 | 1.51 | 10.18 | 0.465 *** | 16.41 | 16 | |
Daejeon | 45 | 2 | 3.56 | 7.79 | 0.469 *** | 22.36 | 14 | |
Daegu | 41 | 4 | 1.07 | 11.35 | 0.083 *** | 37.66 | 57 | |
Gwangju | 41 | 14 | 1.13 | 10.08 | 0.126 *** | 101.08 | 54 | |
Busan | 40 | 5 | 0.72 | 12.69 | 0.060 ** | 30.08 | 46 | |
Tmax | Seoul | 31 | 7 | 0.57 | 9.79 | 0.066 ** | 19.89 | 48 |
Incheon | 30 | 1 | 0.65 | 10.88 | 0.054 * | 11.70 | 41 | |
Daejeon | 32 | 8 | 1.38 | 9.58 | 0.190 *** | 32.91 | 28 | |
Daegu | 33 | 1 | 2.14 | 10.27 | 0.333 *** | 51.30 | 49 | |
Gwangju | 32 | 12 | 1.15 | 10.28 | 0.152 *** | 57.19 | 45 | |
Busan | 30 | 5 | 0.90 | 12.75 | 0.100 *** | 33.10 | 44 | |
WBGTmax | Seoul | 28 | 3 | 1.08 | 9.43 | 0.197 *** | 18.34 | 28 |
Incheon | 25 | 5 | 0.33 | 11.00 | 0.028 * | 32.01 | 89 | |
Daejeon | 29 | 14 | 1.18 | 9.93 | 0.250 *** | 31.48 | 25 | |
Daegu | 28 | 2 | 1.69 | 10.26 | 0.369 *** | 65.33 | 50 | |
Gwangju | 30 | 8 | 1.86 | 10.57 | 0.329 *** | 21.44 | 16 | |
Busan | 28 | 3 | 0.81 | 12.95 | 0.081 ** | 20.10 | 37 |
Indicator | Age | (°C) | L (Day) | (10−6·Day−1 °C) | (10−6·Day−1) | Annual MEMR (10−6 ·Year−1) | The Number of Events | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTmax | 0–64 | 38 | 7 | 0.16 | 4.31 | 0.031 NS | 12.05 | 64 |
65+ | 38 | 6 | 2.56 | 84.25 | 0.010 NS | 184.5 | 64 | |
Tmax | 0–64 | 29 | 2 | 0.20 | 4.33 | 0.053 *** | 13.41 | 83 |
65+ | 29 | 13 | 3.98 | 85.09 | 0.027 * | 479.22 | 83 | |
WBGTmax | 0–64 | 25 | 0 | 0.16 | 4.33 | 0.045 ** | 14.58 | 80 |
65+ | 25 | 7 | 2.24 | 86.09 | 0.014 NS | 287.23 | 80 |
Indicator | City | Age | (°C) | L (Day) | (10−6·Day−1·°C) | (10−6·Day−1) | Annual MEMR (10−6·Year−1) | The Number of Events | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTmax | Seoul | 0–64 | 36 | 7 | 0.25 | 3.60 | 0.049 *** | 24.45 | 89 |
Incheon | 36 | 7 | 0.11 | 4.43 | 0.006 NS | 39.42 | 89 | ||
Daejeon | 45 | 1 | 1.65 | 2.20 | 0.413 *** | 45.08 | 14 | ||
Daegu | 36 | 12 | 0.26 | 4.31 | 0.033 ** | 11.53 | 102 | ||
Gwangju | 33 | 4 | 0.29 | 3.75 | 0.044 *** | 59.74 | 150 | ||
Busan | 36 | 6 | 0.38 | 4.90 | 0.106 *** | 9.11 | 86 | ||
Seoul | 65+ | 36 | 3 | 7.26 | 68.97 | 0.045 *** | 520.67 | 89 | |
Incheon | 38 | 14 | 3.92 | 86.61 | 0.013 NS | 411.38 | 61 | ||
Daejeon | 41 | 2 | 3.88 | 79.60 | 0.007 NS | 148.29 | 57 | ||
Daegu | 33 | 8 | 3.06 | 83.72 | 0.014 NS | 628.42 | 121 | ||
Gwangju | 35 | 1 | 4.63 | 84.86 | 0.022 ** | 572.93 | 132 | ||
Busan | 32 | 4 | 4.01 | 83.23 | 0.025 ** | 600.03 | 114 | ||
Tmax | Seoul | 0–64 | 30 | 1 | 0.25 | 3.74 | 0.037 ** | 8.71 | 78 |
Incheon | 26 | 1 | 0.19 | 4.39 | 0.022 ** | 21.82 | 149 | ||
Daejeon | 28 | 2 | 0.33 | 3.70 | 0.038 *** | 33.75 | 132 | ||
Daegu | 35 | 3 | 0.54 | 4.29 | 0.155 * | 4.07 | 15 | ||
Gwangju | 28 | 2 | 0.26 | 3.91 | 0.026 ** | 33.68 | 145 | ||
Busan | 27 | 5 | 0.16 | 5.27 | 0.026 * | 17.80 | 90 | ||
Seoul | 65+ | 30 | 3 | 5.29 | 74.40 | 0.018 NS | 230.24 | 78 | |
Incheon | 31 | 10 | 14.03 | 85.09 | 0.095 NS | 269.04 | 22 | ||
Daejeon | 29 | 14 | 6.31 | 80.63 | 0.030 ** | 972.44 | 110 | ||
Daegu | 33 | 1 | 8.22 | 80.75 | 0.023 NS | 197.06 | 49 | ||
Gwangju | 31 | 9 | 4.22 | 86.38 | 0.018 NS | 298.85 | 64 | ||
Busan | 26 | 7 | 1.70 | 89.11 | 0.066 NS | 273.97 | 106 | ||
WBGTmax | Seoul | 0–64 | 25 | 0 | 0.12 | 3.81 | 0.019 NS | 8.91 | 94 |
Incheon | 23 | 3 | 0.06 | 4.50 | 0.068 *** | 10.23 | 94 | ||
Daejeon | 26 | 3 | 0.46 | 3.51 | 0.096 *** | 35.35 | 73 | ||
Daegu | 26 | 14 | 0.24 | 4.45 | 0.042 ** | 35.58 | 77 | ||
Gwangju | 23 | 3 | 0.29 | 3.75 | 0.068 *** | 62.89 | 101 | ||
Busan | 25 | 13 | 0.18 | 5.24 | 0.036 * | 25.62 | 66 | ||
Seoul | 65+ | 26 | 3 | 0.57 | 79.90 | 0.016 NS | 32.94 | 94 | |
Incheon | 24 | 7 | 1.45 | 91.31 | 0.005 NS | 222.42 | 100 | ||
Daejeon | 26 | 3 | 2.32 | 83.88 | 0.005 NS | 179.98 | 73 | ||
Daegu | 25 | 14 | 3.71 | 83.43 | 0.031 ** | 719.90 | 94 | ||
Gwangju | 25 | 0 | 3.33 | 88.92 | 0.012 NS | 362.73 | 100 | ||
Busan | 24 | 4 | 2.30 | 87.47 | 0.010 NS | 304.89 | 76 |
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Kang, M.; Kim, K.R.; Shin, J.-Y. Event-Based Heat-Related Risk Assessment Model for South Korea Using Maximum Perceived Temperature, Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, and Air Temperature Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082631
Kang M, Kim KR, Shin J-Y. Event-Based Heat-Related Risk Assessment Model for South Korea Using Maximum Perceived Temperature, Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, and Air Temperature Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082631
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Misun, Kyu Rang Kim, and Ju-Young Shin. 2020. "Event-Based Heat-Related Risk Assessment Model for South Korea Using Maximum Perceived Temperature, Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, and Air Temperature Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082631