Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Study Participants
2.2. Measurement of Weekly Working Hours
2.3. Self-Rated Health (SRH)
2.4. Categorizations of Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Working Conditions
2.5. Measurements of Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | Weekly Working Hours | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 25144) | <20 h | 20–39 h | 40–59 h | ≥60 h | ||
N (%) | N (%) | |||||
Total population | 2141 (8.5) | 5616 (22.3) | 13,515 (53.8) | 3872 (15.4) | ||
Sex | ||||||
Men | 13,157 (52.3) | 578 (4.4) | 2108 (16.0) | 7940 (60.3) | 2531 (19.2) | <0.001 |
Women | 11,987 (47.7) | 1563 (13.0) | 3508 (29.3) | 5575 (46.5) | 1341 (11.2) | |
Age | ||||||
20–29 | 3202 (12.7) | 459 (14.3) | 629 (19.6) | 1829 (57.1) | 285 (8.9) | <0.001 |
30–39 | 5673 (22.6) | 312 (5.5) | 1054 (18.6) | 3524 (62.1) | 783 (13.8) | |
40–49 | 6856 (27.3) | 437 (6.4) | 1479 (21.6) | 3922 (57.2) | 1018 (14.8) | |
50–59 | 6846 (27.2) | 585 (8.5) | 1710 (25.0) | 3257 (47.6) | 1294 (18.9) | |
60–64 | 2567 (10.2) | 348 (13.6) | 744 (29.0) | 983 (38.3) | 492 (19.2) | |
Household income quartile | ||||||
1st quartile | 1762 (7.0) | 318 (18.0) | 558 (31.7) | 623 (35.4) | 263 (14.9) | <0.001 |
2nd quartile | 5889 (23.4) | 568 (9.6) | 1382 (23.5) | 2866 (48.7) | 1073 (18.2) | |
3rd quartile | 8201 (32.6) | 608 (7.4) | 1723 (21.0) | 4625 (56.4) | 1245 (15.2) | |
4th quartile | 9292 (37.0) | 647 (7.0) | 1953 (21.0) | 5401 (58.1) | 1291 (13.9) | |
Education | ||||||
Elementary school | 2486 (9.9) | 233 (9.4) | 724 (29.1) | 957 (38.5) | 572 (23.0) | <0.001 |
Junior high school | 2473 (9.8) | 244 (9.9) | 629 (25.4) | 1045 (42.3) | 555 (22.4) | |
High school | 9050 (46.0) | 899 (9.9) | 2040 (22.5) | 4572 (50.5) | 1539 (17.0) | |
College | 11,135 (44.3) | 765 (6.9) | 2223 (20.0) | 6941 (62.3) | 1206 (10.8) | |
Occupation | ||||||
Simple labor | 2880 (11.5) | 426 (14.8) | 884 (30.7) | 1160 (40.3) | 410 (14.2) | <0.001 |
Craft, plant and machine operator, and assembler | 4385 (17.4) | 121 (2.8) | 692 (15.8) | 2603 (59.4) | 969 (22.1) | |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery | 1516 (6.0) | 148 (9.8) | 460 (30.3) | 592 (39.1) | 316 (20.8) | |
Service and sales | 5572 (22.2) | 522 (9.4) | 1407 (25.3) | 2282 (41.0) | 1361 (24.4) | |
Clerk | 4492 (17.9) | 270 (6.0) | 673 (15.0) | 3295 (73.4) | 254 (5.7) | |
Manager and professional | 6299 (25.1) | 654 (10.4) | 1500 (23.8) | 3583 (56.9) | 562 (8.9) | |
Type of work | ||||||
Paid employee | 17,272 (68.7) | 1430 (8.3) | 3585 (20.8) | 10,447 (60.5) | 1810 (10.5) | <0.001 |
Employer/self-employed | 6451 (25.7) | 612 (9.5) | 1582 (24.5) | 2562 (39.7) | 1695 (26.3) | |
Unpaid family worker | 1421 (5.7) | 99 (7.0) | 449 (31.6) | 506 (35.6) | 367 (25.8) | |
Work schedule | ||||||
Fixed | 20,903 (83.1) | 1,560 (7.5) | 4446 (21.3) | 11,877 (56.8) | 3020 (14.4) | <0.001 |
Non-fixed | 4241 (16.9) | 581 (13.7) | 1170 (27.6) | 1638 (38.6) | 852 (20.1) | |
Obesity | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 944 (3.8) | 122 (12.9) | 224 (23.7) | 494 (52.3) | 104 (11.0) | <0.001 |
Normal (<25) | 15,616 (62.1) | 1419 (9.1) | 3600 (23.1) | 8356 (53.5) | 2241 (14.4) | |
Obese (≥25) | 8584 (34.1) | 600 (7.0) | 1792 (20.9) | 4665 (54.3) | 1527 (17.8) | |
Smoking | ||||||
Never | 13,935 (55.4) | 1598 (11.5) | 3663 (26.3) | 6957 (49.9) | 1717 (12.3) | <0.001 |
Past | 4719 (18.8) | 252 (5.3) | 843 (17.9) | 2789 (59.1) | 835 (17.7) | |
Current | 6490 (25.8) | 291 (4.5) | 1110 (17.1) | 3769 (58.1) | 1320 (20.3) | |
Drinking | ||||||
None | 4402 (17.5) | 533 (12.1) | 1228 (27.9) | 1928 (43.8) | 713 (16.2) | <0.001 |
Moderate | 15,652 (62.2) | 1323 (8.5) | 3534 (22.6) | 8640 (55.2) | 2155 (13.8) | |
Severe | 5090 (20.2) | 285 (5.6) | 854 (16.8) | 2947 (57.9) | 1004 (19.7) | |
Hypertension | ||||||
Not present | 22,003 (87.5) | 1843 (8.4) | 4908 (22.3) | 12,002 (54.5) | 3250 (14.8) | <0.001 |
Present | 3141 (12.5) | 298 (9.5) | 708 (22.5) | 1,513 (48.2) | 622 (19.8) | |
Diabetes | ||||||
Not present | 23,964 (95.3) | 2024 (8.4) | 5321 (22.2) | 12,970 (54.1) | 3649 (15.2) | <0.001 |
Present | 1180 (4.7) | 117 (9.9) | 295 (25.0) | 545 (46.2) | 223 (18.9) | |
Depression | ||||||
Not present | 24,800 (98.6) | 2086 (8.4) | 5510 (22.2) | 13,378 (53.9) | 3826 (15.4) | <0.001 |
Present | 344 (1.4) | 55 (16.0) | 106 (30.8) | 137 (39.8) | 46 (13.4) | |
Self-rated health | ||||||
Good | 21,767 (86.6) | 1791 (8.2) | 4836 (22.2) | 11,893 (54.6) | 3247 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Poor | 3377 (13.4) | 350 (10.4) | 780 (23.1) | 1622 (48.0) | 625 (18.5) |
Characteristics | Weekly Working Hours | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
<20 h | 20–39 h | 40–59 h | ≥60 h | |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
Total population | 1.299 (1.140–1.481) | 1.091 (0.992–1.200) | Reference | 1.289 (1.163–1.430) |
Sex | ||||
Men | 1.384 (1.080–1.772) | 1.123 (0.963–1.309) | 1.224 (1.064–1.407) | |
Women | 1.098 (0.938–1.286) | 0.955 (0.844–1.081) | 1.401 (1.197–1.639) | |
Household income quartile | ||||
1st quartile | 1.318 (0.939–1.850) | 1.276 (0.955–1.705) | 1.301 (0.907–1.866) | |
2nd quartile | 1.111 (0.861–1.435) | 1.113 (0.924–1.339) | 1.214 (0.997–1.478) | |
3rd quartile | 1.274 (0.994–1.632) | 0.971 (0.814–1.157) | 1.134 (0.940–1.369) | |
4th quartile | 1.221 (0.947–1.573) | 1.000 (0.841–1.188) | 1.462 (1.221–1.751) | |
Education | ||||
Elementary school | 1.579 (1.143–2.181) | 1.156 (0.918–1.457) | 1.072 (0.835–1.376) | |
Junior high school | 1.433 (1.024–2.007) | 1.001 (0.774–1.296) | 0.990 (0.757–1.295) | |
High school | 1.091 (0.872–1.366) | 1.110 (0.943–1.306) | 1.273 (1.072–1.512) | |
College | 1.262 (0.992–1.605) | 0.964 (0.815–1.141) | 1.321 (1.092–1.598) | |
Occupation | ||||
Simple labor | 1.596 (1.199–2.124) | 1.186 (0.932–1.509) | 1.078 (0.792–1.469) | |
Craft, plant and machine operator, and assembler | 1.222 (0.734–2.035) | 1.049 (0.812–1.356) | 1.187 (0.954–1.478) | |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery | 1.073 (0.682–1.689) | 1.101 (0.808–1.502) | 1.216 (0.857–1.725) | |
Service and sales | 1.180 (0.893–1.559) | 1.007 (0.826–1.229) | 1.219 (1.007–1.477) | |
Clerk | 1.376 (0.936–2.022) | 1.150 (0.878–1.506) | 1.125 (0.754–1.680) | |
Manager and professional | 1.248 (0.954–1.632) | 0.977 (0.793–1.204) | 1.371 (1.048–1.793) | |
Type of work * | ||||
Paid employee | 1.436 (1.226–1.682) | 1.119 (0.995–1.259) | 1.232 (1.064–1.427) | |
Employer/self-employed | 1.047 (0.806–1.359) | 0.991 (0.820–1.197) | 1.251 (1.048–1.493) | |
Work schedule | ||||
Fixed | 1.405 (1.212–1.629) | 1.080 (0.972–1.201) | 1.290 (1.149–1.449) | |
Non-fixed | 0.894 (0.661–1.208) | 1.044 (0.834–1.308) | 1.188 (0.939–1.502) |
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Jeon, J.; Lee, W.; Choi, W.-J.; Ham, S.; Kang, S.-K. Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082736
Jeon J, Lee W, Choi W-J, Ham S, Kang S-K. Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082736
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Jongha, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seunghon Ham, and Seong-Kyu Kang. 2020. "Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082736