Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
3. Data Analysis
3.1. Conversion of WRPBP Items of the PRPWPQ into Discrete Variables
- (1)
- Some anxiety: Respondents whose average score on the items in the anxiety subscale of the WRPBP section of the PRPWPQ was 2 (a little bit) or greater were considered to have at least some anxiety.
- (2)
- Severe anxiety: Respondents whose average score on the items on the anxiety subscale of the WRPBP section of the PRPWPQ was 3 (quite a bit) or greater were considered to have severe anxiety.
- (3)
- Some depression: Respondents whose average score on the items on the depression subscale of the WRPBP section of the PRPWPQ was 2 (a little bit) or greater were considered to have at least some depressive symptoms.
- (4)
- Severe depression: Respondents whose average score on the items on the depression subscale of the WRPBP section of the PRPWPQ was 3 (quite a bit) or greater were considered to have severe depression.
3.2. Percentage of Individuals who Experienced Specific Traumas and Stressful Life Events and are Currently Experiencing Anxiety and Depression
3.3. Identifying Association Rules
- (1)
- maximum rule length is 5;
- (2)
- Support for the rules is larger than ;
- (3)
- Confidence for the rules is larger than .
4. Results
4.1. Trauma Exposure
4.2. Stressful Life Events
4.3. Anxiety and Depression
4.4. Association Rules
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Percentage | % |
---|---|
Witnessed the injury of loved ones | 47.5 |
Witnessed the death of loved ones | 44.5 |
Beaten in detention | 36.5 |
Been imprisoned | 35.9 |
Family members (besides spouse, children, parents) been kidnapped | 17.5 |
Injured by airstrikes or bomb explosions or sudden attacks | 15.4 |
Been kidnapped | 12.5 |
Tortured by being beaten with a bag containing petrol | 11.9 |
Children been kidnapped | 11.6 |
Death of child/children in war | 11.3 |
Death of spouse in war | 9.2 |
Children been handicapped | 9.2 |
Tortured by being pricked under the nail with a pin | 9.2 |
Death of mother and/or father in war | 8.9 |
Tortured by being burnt with a cigarette butt in detention | 8.6 |
Electrocuted in detention | 7.7 |
Husband or wife been kidnapped | 7.7 |
Husband or wife been handicapped | 5.6 |
Tortured by being forcibly fed mosquito coil | 4.2 |
Caught in a land mine | 3.3 |
Parent(s) been kidnapped | 2.4 |
Been raped | 1.2 |
Percentage | % |
---|---|
Family Problems | |
Insufficient support from relatives | 48.7 |
Children/spouse has psychological problems | 47.2 |
No steady life because of duties towards family | 46.6 |
Unable to take care of children | 36.2 |
Having been separated from husband/wife/children/other relatives | 28.5 |
Unable to get children married/give dowry | 26.7 |
Not being able to travel to meet relatives due to travel restrictions | 26.4 |
Not having anyone to take care of you in old age | 23.7 |
Being dependent on relatives | 22.6 |
Problems with husband/wife at home | 22.6 |
Taking care of your children and siblings as a single person | 20.5 |
Problems between children | 20.2 |
Unable to control (i.e., discipline) your children | 18.4 |
Problems with marriage plans | 11 |
Alcohol abuse by self | 9.2 |
Alcohol abuse by husband or wife | 7.4 |
Not having any children though you wanted them | 7.4 |
Being dependent on wife | 7.4 |
Alcohol abuse by parents | 4.2 |
Not being properly looked after or cared for by children | 0.6 |
Economic Problems | |
Not being able to earn enough money for your basic needs | 89.3 |
Not having money | 86.1 |
Loss of material goods | 84.9 |
Unavailability of employment | 83.1 |
Not being able to work due to illness | 83.1 |
Financial debt | 82.8 |
Not being able to do the job you desire | 81 |
Loss of house/land | 77.2 |
Loss of work equipment | 73 |
Not beingable to work due to being a single parent | 52.2 |
Social Problems | |
Fear of death (from bombs/ land mines/armed groups) | 65.6 |
Problems with travel | 57 |
Stress when moving to a new place | 51.3 |
Not being able to do usual routines after having moved to a new place | 49.9 |
Fear of being kidnapped | 49.3 |
Not being able to talk freely | 46 |
Not having offical documents | 33.5 |
Losing one’s community | 30 |
Living with relatives | 25.5 |
Unable to participate in cultural events | 21.1 |
Living alone (without anyone) | 20.8 |
Having to give bribes to get basic services | 16.9 |
Not being respected by society | 16.6 |
Lack of security due to being alone | 16.3 |
Staying away from relatives so not to disgrace them | 16.3 |
Isolated in society due to unemployment | 13.1 |
Been a victim of theft | 12.2 |
Isolated in society due to history of being imprisoned | 11.9 |
Living in a camp | 11 |
Neglected by society | 10.7 |
Living with non-relatives | 9.8 |
Not being able to get married | 7.4 |
Isolated from society due to being a widow | 7.1 |
Problems with neighors or others in the camp | 6.2 |
Fear of sexual abuse due to being a widow | 5.9 |
Unable to get married due to stigma | 3.3 |
Lack of Basic Needs | |
Lack of proper security | 62.3 |
Losing your rights | 59.9 |
Lack of medical facilities | 59.9 |
Lack of food | 54.9 |
Lack of clothes | 53.4 |
Lack of fuel | 49 |
Not being able to obtain education | 40.1 |
Lack of water | 34.4 |
Problems keeping clean | 30.9 |
Physical Problems | |
Body aches | 62.6 |
Headaches | 64.4 |
Backache | 57.9 |
Shivering | 41.8 |
Eye problems | 33.5 |
High blood pressure | 22 |
Problems using hands or legs | 21.1 |
Loss of teeth | 17.8 |
Not being able to walk even with having both legs | 16 |
Heart problems | 15.7 |
Burns/boils | 15.4 |
Fractures | 14.8 |
Deaf | 10.1 |
Head injury | 10.1 |
Retention of bullet or bomb particles in the body | 9.5 |
Loss of arms or legs in a landmine | 6.2 |
Kidney problems | 7.1 |
Stroke/blood clots | 6.8 |
Loss of arms or legs of a child or spouse or breadwinner due to a landmine | 4.2 |
Percentage | % |
---|---|
Some Anxiety | 67.1 |
Severe Anxiety | 21.4 |
Some Depression | 63.8 |
Severe Depression | 15.1 |
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Share and Cite
Jayawickreme, N.; Atefi, E.; Jayawickreme, E.; Qin, J.; Gandomi, A.H. Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082850
Jayawickreme N, Atefi E, Jayawickreme E, Qin J, Gandomi AH. Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082850
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayawickreme, Nuwan, Ehsan Atefi, Eranda Jayawickreme, Jiale Qin, and Amir H. Gandomi. 2020. "Association Rule Learning Is an Easy and Efficient Method for Identifying Profiles of Traumas and Stressors that Predict Psychopathology in Disaster Survivors: The Example of Sri Lanka" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082850