Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective Is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Government Information Release and Crisis Lifecycle
2.2. Dialogic Loop and Citizen Engagement on Social Media
2.3. Media Richness and Information Influencing Factors
3. Method
3.1. Research Case: COVID-19 Crisis in Wuhan
3.2. Sampling and Data Collection
3.3. Content Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Content Type and Crisis Lifecycle
4.2. Median Statistics of Content Type
4.3. Multivariate Statistics
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary of Findings
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bonsón, E.; Royo, S.; Ratkai, M. Citizens’ engagement on local governments’ Facebook sites. An empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types in Western Europe. Gov. Inf. Q. 2015, 32, 52–62. [Google Scholar]
- Bonsón, E.; Torres, L.; Royo, S.; Flores, F. Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities. Gov. Inf. Q. 2012, 29, 123–132. [Google Scholar]
- Kavanaugh, A.L.; Fox, E.A.; Sheetz, S.D.; Yang, S.; Li, L.T.; Shoemaker, D.J.; Xie, L. Social media use by government: From the routine to the critical. Gov. Inf. Q. 2012, 29, 480–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eltantawy, N.; Wiest, J.B. The Arab spring—Social media in the Egyptian revolution: Reconsidering resource mobilization theory. Int. J. Commun. 2011, 5, 18. [Google Scholar]
- Public Health Emergency of International Concern Declared by WHO. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen (accessed on 18 June 2020).
- Househ, M. Communicating Ebola through social media and electronic news media outlets: A cross-sectional study. Health Inform. J. 2016, 22, 470–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gui, X.; Wang, Y.; Kou, Y.; Reynolds, T.L.; Chen, Y.; Mei, Q.; Zheng, K. Understanding the patterns of health information dissemination on social media during the Zika outbreak. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2017; American Medical Informatics Association: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2017; Volume 2017, p. 820. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, H.; Chen, B.; Zhu, H.; Jiang, T.; Wang, X.; Chen, L.; Jiang, J. Importance of internet surveillance in public health emergency control and prevention: Evidence from a digital epidemiologic study during avian influenza a H7N9 outbreaks. J. Med. Internet Res. 2014, 16, e20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Wang, X.; Lu, J.; Hu, W. Avian influenza A (H7N9) and related internet search query data in China. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xie, T.; Yang, Z.; Yang, S.; Wu, N.; Li, L. Correlation between reported human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus and cyber user awareness: What can we learn from digital epidemiology? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 22, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fung, I.C.H.; Fu, K.W.; Chan, C.H.; Chan, B.S.B.; Cheung, C.N.; Abraham, T.; Tse, Z.T.H. Social media’s initial reaction to information and misinformation on Ebola, August 2014: Facts and rumors. Public Health Rep. 2016, 131, 461–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wong, R.; Harris, J.K. Geospatial distribution of local health department tweets and online searches about Ebola during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2018, 12, 287–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, S.; Hossain, L.; Crawford, J.W.; Bossomaier, T. Quantifying network dynamics and information flow across Chinese social media during the African Ebola outbreak. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2018, 12, 26–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seltzer, E.K.; Jean, N.S.; Kramer-Golinkoff, E.; Asch, D.A.; Merchant, R.M. The content of social media’s shared images about Ebola: A retrospective study. Public Health 2015, 129, 1273–1277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seltzer, E.K.; Horst-Martz, E.; Lu, M.; Merchant, R.M. Public sentiment and discourse about Zika virus on instagram. Public Health 2017, 150, 170–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, K.W.; Liang, H.; Saroha, N.; Tse, Z.T.H.; Ip, P.; Fung, I.C.H. How people react to Zika virus outbreaks on twitter? A computational content analysis. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2016, 44, 1700–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kreiss, D. Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle. New Media Soc. 2016, 18, 1473–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGregor, S.C.; Mourão, R.R.; Molyneux, L. Twitter as a tool for and object of political and electoral activity: Considering electoral context and variance among actors. J. Inf. Technol. Politics 2017, 14, 154–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaqub, U.; Chun, S.A.; Atluri, V.; Vaidya, J. Analysis of political discourse on twitter in the context of the 2016 US presidential elections. Gov. Inf. Q. 2017, 34, 613–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kreiss, D.; McGregor, S.C. Technology firms shape political communication: The work of microsoft, facebook, twitter, and google with campaigns during the 2016 US presidential cycle. Political Commun. 2018, 35, 155–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guerrero-Solé, F. Interactive behavior in political discussions on twitter: Politicians, media, and citizens’ patterns of interaction in the 2015 and 2016 electoral campaigns in Spain. Soc. Media Soc. 2018, 4, 2056305118808776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norris, D.F.; Reddick, C.G. Local e-government in the United States: Transformation or incremental change? Public Adm. Rev. 2013, 73, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Center, S.W.D. Sina Weibo User Development Report. 2018. Available online: https://data.weibo.com/report/reportDetail?id=433 (accessed on 12 November 2020).
- Bonsón, E.; Bednárová, M.; Wei, S. Corporate twitter use and stakeholder engagement: An empirical analysis of the Spanish hotel industry. Eur. J. Tour. Res. 2016, 13, 69. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, K.Z.; Benyoucef, M.; Zhao, S.J. Building brand loyalty in social commerce: The case of brand microblogs. Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 2016, 15, 14–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonsón, E.; Bednárová, M. The use of YouTube in western European municipalities. Gov. Inf. Q. 2018, 35, 223–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Q.; Min, C.; Zhang, W.; Wang, G.; Ma, X.; Evans, R. Unpacking the black box: How to promote citizen engagement through government social media during the COVID-19 crisis. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 110, 106380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hernández Sampieri, R.; Fernández Collado, C.; Baptista Lucio, M.D.P. Metodología de la Investigación; Mcgraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Lai, L.S.; To, W.M. Content analysis of social media: A grounded theory approach. J. Electron. Commer. Res. 2015, 16, 138. [Google Scholar]
- Panagiotopoulos, P.; Barnett, J.; Bigdeli, A.Z.; Sams, S. Social media in emergency management: Twitter as a tool for communicating risks to the public. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2016, 111, 86–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, A. Government online: The internet gives citizens new paths to government services and information. In Pew Internet & American Life Project; Pew Research Center: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Criado, J.I.; Sandoval-Almazan, R.; Gil-Garcia, J.R. Government innovation through social media. Gov. Inf. Q. 2013, 30, 319–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, X.; Zhang, Z. Field reconstruction and mainstream reshaping: User media information contact, cognition and dissemination during the Covid-19 epidemic. Mod. Commun. 2020, 42, 65–74, 83. [Google Scholar]
- Lemuria, C.; Bennett, T.J.; Ryan, W. Social media and emergency management: Exploring state and local tweets. In Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 6–9 January 2014; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 1968–1977. [Google Scholar]
- Fink, S. Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable; American Management Association: New York, NY, USA, 1986; p. 15. [Google Scholar]
- Coombs, W.T. Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Mitroff, I.I. Crisis management and environmentalism: A natural fit. Calif. Manag. Rev. 1994, 36, 101–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lettieri, E.; Masella, C.; Radaelli, G. Disaster management: Findings from a systematic review. Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J. 2009, 18, 117–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xia, Q.; Ye, X. National media coverage of SARS crisis (February to May 2003). J. Commun. 2003, 2, 56–65, 94. [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds, B. Zika Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Discussion: What the Public Needs When Risks are Uncertain, May 17, 2016. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/zap/pdfs/Crisis-and-Emergency-Risk-Communication.pdf (accessed on 14 September 2020).
- Mergel, I. A framework for interpreting social media interactions in the public sector. Gov. Inf. Q. 2013, 30, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zavattaro, S.M.; Sementelli, A.J. A critical examination of social media adoption in government: Introducing omnipresence. Gov. Inf. Q. 2014, 31, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kent, M.L.; Taylor, M. Building dialogic relationships through the world wide web. Public Relat. Rev. 1998, 24, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Yang, Y. Dialogic communication on social media: How organizations use twitter to build dialogic relationships with their publics. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 104, 106183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez, M.; Sáez-Martín, A.; García-Tabuyo, M.; Caba-Pérez, C. Exploring dialogic strategies in social media for fostering citizens’ interactions with Latin American local governments. Public Relat. Rev. 2018, 44, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rybalko, S.; Seltzer, T. Dialogic communication in 140 characters or less: How fortune 500 companies engage stakeholders using twitter. Public Relat. Rev. 2010, 36, 336–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Men, L.R.; Tsai WH, S.; Chen, Z.F.; Ji, Y.G. Social presence and digital dialogic communication: Engagement lessons from top social CEOs. J. Public Relat. Res. 2018, 30, 83–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watkins, B.A. Experimenting with dialogue on twitter: An examination of the influence of the dialogic principles on engagement, interaction, and attitude. Public Relat. Rev. 2017, 43, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil de Zúñiga, H.; Jung, N.; Valenzuela, S. Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 2012, 17, 319–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Warren, A.M.; Sulaiman, A.; Jaafar, N.I. Social media effects on fostering online civic engagement and building citizen trust and trust in institutions. Gov. Inf. Q. 2014, 31, 291–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ekman, J.; Amnå, E. Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Hum. Aff. 2012, 22, 283–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carpini, M.X.D.; Cook, F.L.; Jacobs, L.R. Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2004, 7, 315–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.; Hsu, S.H.; de Zúñiga, H.G. Influence of social media use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The moderating role of personality traits. J. Commun. 2013, 63, 498–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nabatchi, T.; Amsler, L.B. Direct public engagement in local government. Am. Rev. Public Adm. 2014, 44 (Suppl. 4), 63S–88S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siebers, V.; Gradus, R.; Grotens, R. Citizen engagement and trust: A study among citizen panel members in three Dutch municipalities. Soc. Sci. J. 2019, 56, 545–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suebvises, P. Social capital, citizen participation in public administration, and public sector performance in Thailand. World Dev. 2018, 109, 236–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelsalam, H.M.; Reddick, C.G.; Gamal, S.; Al-shaar, A. Social media in Egyptian government websites: Presence, usage, and effectiveness. Gov. Inf. Q. 2013, 30, 406–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham, M.; Avery, E. Government public relations and social media: An analysis of the perceptions and trends of social media use at the local government level. Public Relat. J. 2013, 7, 1–21. [Google Scholar]
- Hofmann, S.; Beverungen, D.; Räckers, M.; Becker, J. What makes local governments’ online communications successful? Insights from a multi-method analysis of facebook. Gov. Inf. Q. 2013, 30, 387–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellison, N.; Hardey, M. Social media and local government: Citizenship, consumption and democracy. Local Gov. Stud. 2014, 40, 21–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonsón, E.; Royo, S.; Ratkai, M. Facebook practices in Western European municipalities: An empirical analysis of activity and citizens’ engagement. Adm. Soc. 2017, 49, 320–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alejandro, S.M.; de Rosario, A.H.; Pérez, M.d.C. Using twitter for dialogic communication: Local government strategies in the European Union. Local Gov. Stud. 2015, 41, 421–444. [Google Scholar]
- Wattal, S.; Schuff, D.; Mandviwalla, M.; Williams, C.B. Web 2.0 and politics: The 2008 US presidential election and an e-politics research agenda. MIS Q. 2010, 34, 669–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Johnson, T.J.; Seltzer, T.; Bichard, S.L. The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. 2010, 28, 75–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skoric, M.M.; Zhu, Q.; Goh, D.; Pang, N. Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media Soc. 2016, 18, 1817–1839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daft, R.L.; Lengel, R.H. Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Manag. Sci. 1986, 32, 554–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carlson, J.R.; Zmud, R.W. Channel expansion theory and the experiential nature of media richness perceptions. Acad. Manag. J. 1999, 42, 153–170. [Google Scholar]
- Ogara, S.O.; Koh, C.E.; Prybutok, V.R. Investigating factors affecting social presence and user satisfaction with mobile instant messaging. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2014, 36, 453–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trevino, L.K.; Lengel, R.H.; Daft, R.L. Media symbolism, media richness, and media choice in organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Commun. Res. 1987, 14, 553–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.H.; Liao, H.L.; Pratt, J.A. Impact of media richness and flow on e-learning technology acceptance. Comput. Educ. 2009, 52, 599–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Dong, Z.Y.; Chen, X. Factors influencing consumption experience of mobile commerce. Internet Res. 2012, 22, 120–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valacich, J.S.; Paranka, D.; George, J.F.; Nunamaker, J.F., Jr. Communication concurrency and the new media: A new dimension for media richness. Commun. Res. 1993, 20, 249–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Froehle, C.M. Service personnel, technology, and their interaction in influencing customer satisfaction. Decis. Sci. 2006, 37, 5–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rice, R.E.; Shook, D.E. Relationships of job categories and organizational levels to use of communication channels, including electronic mail: A meta-analysis and extension. J. Manag. Stud. 1990, 27, 195–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trevino, L.K.; Lengel, R.H.; Bodensteiner, W.; Gerloff, E.A.; Muir, N.K. The richness imperative and cognitive style: The role of individual differences in media choice behavior. Manag. Commun. Q. 1990, 4, 176–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daft, R.L.; Lengel, R.H.; Trevino, L.K. Message equivocality, media selection, and manager performance: Implications for information systems. MIS Q. 1987, 11, 355–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graves, O.F.; Flesher, D.L.; Jordan, R.E. Pictures and the bottomline: The television epistemology of US annual reports. Account. Organ. Soc. 1996, 21, 57–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warren, S.; Davison, J.; Cho, C.H.; Phillips, J.R.; Hageman, A.M.; Patten, D.M. Media richness, user trust, and perceptions of corporate socialresponsibility. Account. Audit. Account. J. 2009, 22, 933. [Google Scholar]
- Zavattaro, S.M.; French, P.E.; Mohanty, S.D. A sentiment analysis of US local government tweets: The connection between tone and citizen involvement. Gov. Inf. Q. 2015, 32, 333–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, X.; Gu, X.; Peng, S. Analysis of Tweet Form’s effect on users’ engagement on twitter. Cogent Bus. Manag. 2019, 6, 1564168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, N.F.; Wang, X.; Bourne, H. Exploring the effect of user engagement in online brand communities: Evidence from Twitter. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 72, 321–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Choi, D.; Hwang, M.; Kim, J.; Ko, B.; Kim, P. Tracing trending topics by analyzing the sentiment status of tweets. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. 2014, 11, 157–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, T.; Gao, T.L.; Wang, F.Y. Characterizing the propagation of situational information in social media during covid-19 epidemic: A case study on weibo. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 2020, 7, 556–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berger, J.; Milkman, K.L. What makes online content viral? J. Mark. Res. 2012, 49, 192–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sundar, S.S.; Nass, C. Conceptualizing sources in online news. J. Commun. 2001, 51, 52–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.F.; Fraustino, J.D.; Jin, Y. How disaster information form, source, type, and prior disaster exposure affect public outcomes: Jumping on the social media bandwagon? J. Appl. Commun. Res. 2015, 43, 44–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Col, J.-M. Managing disasters: The role of local government. Public Adm. Rev. 2007, 67, 114–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avery, E. Contextual and audience moderators of channel selection and message reception of public health information in routine and crisis situations. J. Public Relat. Res. 2010, 22, 378–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, X.; Lachlan, K.A.; Spence, P.R. Exploring extreme events on social media: A comparison of user reposting/retweeting behaviors on twitter and weibo. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 65, 576–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mheidly, N.; Fares, J. Leveraging media and health communication strategies to overcome the COVID-19 infodemic. J. Public Health Policy 2020, 41, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Q.; Xu, X.; Cao, B.; Zhang, W. Social media policies as responses for social media affordances: The case of China. Gov. Inf. Q. 2016, 33, 313–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, A. Accountability as mourning: Accounting for death in the time of COVID-19. Account. Organ. Soc. 2020, 101198. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361368220300829?via%3Dihub (accessed on 12 November 2020). [CrossRef]
- Ma, R.; Deng, Z.; Wu, M. Effects of health information dissemination on user follows and likes during COVID-19 outbreak in China: Data and content analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonsón, E.; Ratkai, M. A set of metrics to assess stakeholder engagement and social legitimacy on a corporate facebook page. Online Inf. Rev. 2013, 37, 787–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agostino, D.; Arnaboldi, M. A measurement framework for assessing the contribution of social media to public engagement: An empirical analysis on facebook. Public Manag. Rev. 2016, 18, 1289–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Del Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez, M.; Haro-de-Rosario, A.; García-Tabuyo, M.; Caba-Pérez, C. Building online citizen engagement for enhancing emergency management in local European government. Online Inf. Rev. 2019, 43, 219–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Starbird, K.; Palen, L. Pass it on? Retweeting in mass emergency. In Proceedings of the 7th International Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 2–5 May 2010; ISCRAM: Seattle, WA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, M.; Kim, H.; Kim, O. Why do people retweet a tweet? Altruistic, egoistic, and reciprocity motivations for retweeting. Psychologia 2015, 58, 189–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wukich, C.; Mergel, I. Closing the citizen-government communication gap: Content, audience, and network analysis of government tweets. J. Homel. Secur. Emerg. Manag. 2015, 12, 707–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holsti, O.R. Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities; Reading; Content analysis; Addison-Wesley: Boston, MA, USA, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Bowen, G.A. Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. Int. J. Qual. Methods 2006, 5, 12–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y. The Internet and agenda setting in China: The influence of online public opinion on media coverage and government policy. Int. J. Commun. 2014, 8, 24. [Google Scholar]
- King, G.; Pan, J.; Roberts, M.E. How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 2013, 107, 326–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rudra, K.; Ganguly, N.; Goyal, P.; Ghosh, S. Extracting and summarizing situational information from the twitter social media during disasters. ACM Trans. Web (TWEB) 2018, 12, 1–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Content Type | Post Content |
---|---|
News report | Answer the reporter’s question. The daily news. Live text. |
Notice release | Activity cancellation. Charity publicity. Medical resources use publicity |
Government measures | Measures taken by the central, provincial, municipal, district, county governments |
Epidemic data release | Cases. Hospital beds. Cured number. Medical watch. Death |
Scientific guidance | Scientific knowledge. Expert analysis. Protective measures |
Thank the workers | Medical, military, police and all fields workers. Case presentation |
Dispel rumors | Dispel rumors. Tell the truth |
Encouragement | Encouragement. Look ahead. Positive energy. |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | … | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.31–1.4 | 1.5–1.9 | 1.10–1.14 | 1.15–1.19 | 1.20–1.24 | … | 3.25–3.29 | 3.30–4.3 | 4.4–4.8 | 4.9–4.13 | 4.14–4.19 |
Content Type | Percentage |
---|---|
Thank the workers | 22.89% |
News report | 22.11% |
Government measures | 14.91% |
Scientific guidance | 12.40% |
Epidemic data release | 11.01% |
Notice release | 7.73% |
Encouragement | 6.15% |
Dispel rumors | 2.81% |
Factors | Repost | Commitment | Likes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficient | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Correlation Coefficient | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Correlation Coefficient | Sig. (2-Tailed) | |
“@”Mentioned | −0.045 ** | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.974 | 0.049 ** | 0.003 |
Hashtag | −0.038 | 0.245 | 0.021 | 0.515 | 0.011 | 0.727 |
Picture | 0.002 | 0.882 | 0.034 * | 0.041 | 0.020 | 0.221 |
Video | −0.032 | 0.051 | −0.110 ** | 0.000 | −0.028 | 0.091 |
Web-links | −0.070 ** | 0.000 | 0.120 ** | 0.000 | 0.051 ** | 0.002 |
Text length | −0.008 | 0.630 | 0.101 ** | 0.000 | 0.087 ** | 0.000 |
Information source | −0.079 ** | 0.000 | −0.090 ** | 0.000 | −0.065 ** | 0.000 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, Y.; Deng, W.; Zhang, Y.; Mao, Z. Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective Is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010118
Yang Y, Deng W, Zhang Y, Mao Z. Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective Is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010118
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yi, Wen Deng, Yi Zhang, and Zijun Mao. 2021. "Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective Is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010118