Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Questionnaire Development
2.3. Recruitment
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Level of Education
3.3. Medical Condition
3.4. Immunization History
3.5. Duration of Stay in Makkah and Madinah
3.6. Health Education
3.7. Practice of Preventative Measures
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
KSA | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
MOH | Ministry of Health |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
HBV | Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine |
ARI | Acute Respiratory Tract Infection |
PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
Appendix A
Study Questionnaire
- 1-
- Your Age?
- ⮚
- <20 y
- ⮚
- 20 ≤ 35 y
- ⮚
- 35 ≤ 50 y
- ⮚
- 50 ≤ 60
- ⮚
- 60 or more
- 2-
- Your nationality( )
- 3-
- Your Sex
- ⮚
- Male
- ⮚
- Females
- 4-
- Your Marital status
- ⮚
- Widow
- ⮚
- Single
- ⮚
- Married
- ⮚
- Divorced
- 5-
- Your Level of education
- ⮚
- Illiterate
- ⮚
- Read/write
- ⮚
- Primary/secondary
- ⮚
- High school or above
- 6-
- The type of chronic disease you have:
- ⮚
- Diabetes mellitus
- ⮚
- Hypertension
- ⮚
- Cardiac disease
- ⮚
- Central nervous system
- ⮚
- Psychological/mental disorders
- ⮚
- Immunocompromised travelers (sever-moderate)
- ⮚
- Disabilities (visual-hearing -physical)
- ⮚
- Others
- 7-
- Your history of vaccination (before travel)
- ⮚
- Not vaccinated
- ⮚
- Influenza vaccine
- ⮚
- Hepatitis A virus vaccine (HAV)
- ⮚
- Hepatitis B virus vaccine (HBV)
- ⮚
- Rabies vaccination
- ⮚
- Meningitis vaccination
- ⮚
- Poliomyelitis
- ⮚
- Pertussis
- 8-
- Duration of stay in Makkah
- ⮚
- <1 week
- ⮚
- 1 week ≤ 2 week
- ⮚
- 2 week–or more
- 9-
- Duration of stay in Madinah
- ⮚
- <1 week
- ⮚
- 1 week ≤ 2 week
- ⮚
- 2 week–or more
- 10-
- Did your receive health education on preventive measures to be practiced during Umrah and Hajj
- ⮚
- No
- ⮚
- Yes
- ⮚
- No, self-education
- 11-
- The site of receiving health education
- ⮚
- In homeland
- ⮚
- During arrival
- ⮚
- At the residence inside KSA
- 12-
- Did you find the health education that you received beneficial for you to practice appropriate preventive measures during Umrah?
- ⮚
- Yes
- ⮚
- No
- ⮚
- To some extent
- 13-
- The sources of Health Education
- ⮚
- Press and publication
- ⮚
- Family and friends
- ⮚
- Lectures
- ⮚
- Social media (Facebook–Instagram–Twitter–Snapchat)
- ⮚
- Travel medicine clinics
- ⮚
- Health care providers
- ⮚
- Saudi Ministry of Health web site
- ⮚
- Other web sites
- 14-
- This question is around your actual experiences of the preventive measures you have practiced in the Umrah this year, where Never is the lowest and Always is the highest. Choose the right response for each item.
Preventative Measures Never
F (%)Rare
F (%)Sometimes
F (%)Often
F (%)Always
F (%)⮚ Using umbrella or hat ⮚ Using sunblock creams ⮚ Drinking at least eight cups of water ⮚ Wearing face masks in crowded areas ⮚ Sufficient sleep ⮚ Avoid crowded areas Using insect repellent spray Use of personal tools (razor blades) without sharing with others Dispose used tissue in waste bin Washing hands with water, soap or antiseptics ⮚ after coughing and sneezing ⮚ before eating or preparing food ⮚ after using the bathroom - 15-
- Please can you indicate the availability of the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) with you
PPE Brought It from Homeland
F (%)Was given from Al Hamla
F (%)Not Available
F (%)Face Masks Personal tools (razor blades) Sanitizers/gel - 16-
- Please can you rate your level of satisfaction of the services offered by ministry of health, including medical care of all types.
- ⮚
- Very satisfied
- ⮚
- Satisfied
- ⮚
- To some what
- ⮚
- Dissatisfied
- ⮚
- Very Dissatisfied
References
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Sociodemographic Variables | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Age groups | ||
<20 year | 51 | 5.0 |
20 ≤ 35 year | 286 | 28.3 |
35 ≤ 50 year | 342 | 33.8 |
50 ≤ 60 | 256 | 25.3 |
60 or more | 77 | 7.6 |
Gender | ||
Male | 656 | 64.8 |
Females | 356 | 34.6 |
Prefer not to say | 0.6 | |
Maritalstatus | ||
Widow | 48 | 4.7 |
Single | 172 | 17.0 |
Married | 773 | 76.4 |
Divorced | 19 | 1.9 |
Level of education | ||
Illiterate | 58 | 5.7 |
Read/write | 94 | 9.3 |
Primary/secondary | 238 | 23.5 |
High school or above | 622 | 61.5 |
Existing chronic diseases | 230 | 22.7 |
Type of chronic disease (n = 387) * | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 143 | 37 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 164 | 42.4 |
Central nervous system disorders | 4 | 1 |
Psychological/mental disorders | 2 | 0.5 |
Immunocompromised travelers (sever-moderate) | 5 | 1.3 |
Disabilities (visual, hearing, physical) | 4 | 1 |
Others | 65 | 16.8 |
Country | n | % |
---|---|---|
Iraq | 177 | 17.5 |
Egypt | 161 | 15.9 |
Libya | 160 | 15.8 |
Sudan | 113 | 11.1 |
Indonesia | 111 | 11.0 |
Pakistan | 92 | 9.1 |
Afghanistan | 80 | 7.9 |
Algeria | 48 | 4.7 |
Tunisia | 34 | 3.4 |
Jordan | 30 | 3 |
Malaysia | 22 | 2.2 |
Somalia | 21 | 1.7 |
Kuwait | 20 | 1.5 |
China | 19 | 1.6 |
Philippines | 19 | 1.9 |
Palestine | 17 | 1.7 |
Tajikistan | 15 | 1.2 |
United Kingdom | 13 | 1.1 |
Morocco | 11 | 1.1 |
United Arab Emirates | 11 | 1.1 |
India | 9 | 0.9 |
Turkey | 9 | 0.9 |
Bangladesh | 8 | 0.8 |
Niger | 7 | 0.6 |
Nigeria | 7 | 0.6 |
Burkina Faso | 6 | 0.5 |
Chad | 5 | 0.4 |
Germany | 5 | 0.4 |
Holland | 5 | 0.4 |
Oman | 5 | 0.4 |
Senegal | 5 | 0.4 |
Thailand | 5 | 0.4 |
United States | 5 | 0.4 |
Uzbekistan | 3 | 0.3 |
Ethiopia | 2 | 0.2 |
Syria | 2 | 0.2 |
Yemeni | 2 | 0.2 |
France | 1 | 0.1 |
Kenya | 1 | 0.1 |
Lebanon | 1 | 0.1 |
Netherlands | 1 | 0.1 |
Missing | 27 | 2.4 |
Totals | 1012 | 100% |
Vaccination History & Length of Stay | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
History of vaccination (before travel) * | ||
Not vaccinated | 242 | 24 |
Influenza vaccine | 514 | 50.8 |
Hepatitis A virus vaccine (HAV) | 326 | 32.2 |
Hepatitis B virus vaccine (HBV) | 310 | 30.6 |
Rabies vaccination | 248 | 24.5 |
Meningitis vaccination | 418 | 41.3 |
Poliomyelitis | 285 | 28.1 |
Pertussis | 254 | 25.1 |
Duration of stay in Makkah | ||
<1 week | 218 | 21.5 |
1 week but <2 weeks | 660 | 65.2 |
2 weeks–or more | 134 | 13.2 |
Duration of stay in Madinah | ||
<1 week | 614 | 60.6 |
1 week but <2 weeks | 366 | 36.2 |
2 weeks or more | 32 | 3.2 |
Health Education | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Receiving health education | ||
No | 213 | 21.1 |
Yes | 799 | 78.9 |
Self-education | 185 | 23.2 |
The site of receiving health education | ||
In homeland | 450 | 44.4 |
During arrival | 201 | 19.8 |
At the residence inside Saudi Arabia | 53 | 5.2 |
Getting benefit from the received health education (n = 1012) | ||
Yes | 661 | 65.3 |
No | 135 | 13.3 |
To some extent | 216 | 21.3 |
The sources of health education * | ||
Press and publications | 97 | 9.7 |
Family and friends | 127 | 12.5 |
Lectures | 262 | 25.8 |
Social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, etc.) | 51 | 5 |
Travel clinics | 134 | 13.2 |
Health care providers | 122 | 12 |
Saudi Ministry of Health website | 16 | 1.6 |
Other websites | 52 | 5.1 |
Others | 182 | 18 |
Preventative Measures | Never n (%) | Rarely n (%) | Sometimes n (%) | Often n (%) | Always n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Using umbrella or hat | 509 (50.2) | 75 (7.4) | 130 (12.8) | 154 (15.2) | 144 (14.2) |
Using sunblock creams | 652 (64.4) | 86 (8.5) | 72 (7.1) | 79 (7.8) | 123 (12.2) |
Drinking at least eight cups of water | 13 (1.3) | 37 (3.7) | 151 (14.9) | 173 (17.1) | 638 (63.0) |
Wearing face masks in crowded areas | 305 (30.1) | 74 (7.3) | 148 (14.6) | 134 (13.2) | 351 (34.7) |
Sufficient sleep | 20 (2.0) | 45 (4.5) | 133 (13.1) | 223 (22.0) | 591 (58.4) |
Avoid crowded areas | 70 (6.9) | 62 (6.1) | 159 (15.7) | 207 (20.5) | 478 (47.2) |
Using insect repellent spray | 573 (56.6) | 107 (10.6) | 107 (10.6) | 69 (6.8) | 156 (15.4) |
Use of personal tools (razor blades, etc.) without sharing with others | 21 (2.1) | 4 (0.4) | 60 (5.9) | 75 (7.4) | 852 (84.2) |
Dispose used tissue in waste bin | 18 (1.8) | 11 (1.1) | 59 (5.8) | 100 (9.9) | 824 (81.4) |
Washing hands with water, soap, or antiseptics | |||||
- after coughing and sneezing | 3 (0.3) | 7 (0.7) | 65 (6.4) | 97 (9.6) | 840 (83.0) |
- before eating or preparing food | 3 (0.3) | 7 (0.7) | 55 (5.4) | 87 (8.6) | 860 (85.0) |
- after using the bathroom | 3 (0.3) | 5 (0.5) | 47 (4.6) | 90 (8.9) | 867 (85.7) |
PPE Availability | Brought It from Homeland n (%) | Was Given from Al Hamla n (%) | Not Available n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Face masks | 219 (21.4) | 160 (15.8) | 642 (63.4) |
Personal tools | 230 (22.7) | 200 (19.6) | 593 (58.0) |
Sanitizers | 240 (23.7) | 162 (16.0) | 612 (60.4) |
Association of Preventative Measures | No Median (Mean ± SD) Range | Yes Median (Mean ± SD) Range | (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Avoiding sun exposure using umbrella or hat | 1 (1.9 ± 1.47) | 2 (2.46 ± 1.6) | 0.03 * |
Using sun block creams | 1 (1.45 ± 1.1) | 1 (2.08 ± 1.51) | 0.01 * |
Drinking at least eight cups of water | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.35 ± 0.95 | 0.59 |
Wearing masks in crowded areas | 1 (2.56 ± 1.77) | 4 (3.3 ± 1.60) | 0.04 * |
Sufficient sleep | 4.74 ± 0.81 | 4.71 ± 0.7 | 0.85 |
Avoiding crowded areas | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.97 ± 1.2 | 0.71 |
Using insect repellent | 1 (2.02 ± 1.6) | 1 (2.17 ± 1.5) | 0.45 |
Healthy practice score | 20.5 ± 4.9 7–35 | 22.7 ± 5.5 10–35 | 0.02 * |
Satisfaction with MOH Services | n | % |
---|---|---|
The level of satisfaction | ||
Very satisfied | 734 | 72.5 |
Satisfied | 212 | 21.0 |
To some what | 54 | 5.3 |
Dissatisfied | 9 | 0.9 |
Very dissatisfied | 3 | 0.3 |
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Tobaiqy, M.; Alhasan, A.H.; Shams, M.M.; Amer, S.A.; MacLure, K.; Alcattan, M.F.; Almudarra, S.S. Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010257
Tobaiqy M, Alhasan AH, Shams MM, Amer SA, MacLure K, Alcattan MF, Almudarra SS. Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010257
Chicago/Turabian StyleTobaiqy, Mansour, Ahmed H. Alhasan, Manal M. Shams, Samar A. Amer, Katie MacLure, Mohammed F. Alcattan, and Sami S. Almudarra. 2021. "Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010257