The Related Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Collection of Participants’ Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with DR
2.3. DFE Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DR | Diabetic retinopathy |
IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
DFE | Dilated fundus examination |
HbA1c | Glycated hemoglobin |
TG | Triglyceride |
CHOL-T | Total cholesterol |
HDL-c | High density lipoprotein cholesterol |
LDL-c | Low density lipoprotein cholesterol |
eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
BMI | Body mass index |
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Variables | No DR (N = 181) | DR (N = 611) | χ2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||
Gender | Male | 95 | 28.02 | 244 | 71.98 | 8.99 ** | 0.003 |
Female | 86 | 18.98 | 367 | 81.02 | |||
Educational qualifications | No qualifications | 22 | 20.37 | 86 | 79.63 | 1.17 | 0.557 |
Elementary school | 66 | 21.71 | 238 | 78.29 | |||
Junior high school or higher | 93 | 24.47 | 287 | 75.53 | |||
Family history of diabetes | No | 88 | 29.43 | 211 | 70.57 | 11.79 ** | 0.001 |
Yes | 93 | 18.86 | 400 | 81.14 | |||
Smoking behavior | No | 134 | 22.22 | 469 | 77.78 | 0.57 | 0.450 |
Yes | 47 | 24.87 | 142 | 75.13 | |||
Drinking behavior | No | 145 | 22.55 | 498 | 77.45 | 0.18 | 0.673 |
Yes | 36 | 24.16 | 113 | 75.84 | |||
Chewing betel nut behavior | No | 170 | 23.84 | 543 | 76.16 | 3.97 * | 0.046 |
Yes | 11 | 13.92 | 68 | 86.08 | |||
Regular exercise behavior | No | 73 | 21.53 | 266 | 78.47 | 0.59 | 0.444 |
Yes | 108 | 23.84 | 345 | 76.16 |
Variables | No DR (N = 181) | DR (N = 611) | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.09 ± 4.06 | 26.27 ± 4.12 | −0.51 | 0.610 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.48 ± 19.10 | 139.13 ± 20.69 | −1.55 | 0.123 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.27 ± 11.67 | 77.73 ± 12.51 | −1.40 | 0.161 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.66 ± 1.47 | 8.25 ± 1.68 | −4.61 *** | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.31 ± 2.94 | 8.76 ± 3.33 | −1.61 | 0.108 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.45 ± 0.64 | 1.59 ± 0.87 | −2.39 * | 0.017 |
CHOL-T (mmol/L) | 2.00 ± 0.33 | 2.13 ± 0.43 | −4.44 *** | <0.001 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.58 ± 0.15 | −0.27 | 0.790 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.27 | 1.12 ± 0.34 | −3.26 ** | 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 72.18 ± 21.20 | 70.21 ± 27.08 | 0.89 | 0.377 |
Variables | ß | SE | Wald | HR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c (%) | 0.064 | 0.025 | 6.851 | 1.067 ** | 1.016 | 1.119 | 0.009 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 0.004 | 0.001 | 8.455 | 1.004 ** | 1.001 | 1.006 | 0.004 |
Gender | Reference | ||||||
Male | |||||||
Female | 0.252 | 0.089 | 8.136 | 1.287 ** | 1.082 | 1.531 | 0.004 |
Chewing betel nut behavior | Reference | ||||||
No | |||||||
Yes | 0.581 | 0.139 | 17.543 | 1.788 *** | 1.362 | 2.347 | <0.001 |
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Chiu, T.-T.; Tsai, T.-L.; Su, M.-Y.; Yang, T.; Tseng, P.-L.; Lee, Y.-J.; Lee, C.-H. The Related Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010307
Chiu T-T, Tsai T-L, Su M-Y, Yang T, Tseng P-L, Lee Y-J, Lee C-H. The Related Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010307
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Tsai-Tung, Tien-Lung Tsai, Mei-Yin Su, Tsan Yang, Peng-Lin Tseng, Yau-Jiunn Lee, and Chao-Hsien Lee. 2021. "The Related Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010307