Can Individual Attitudes toward Aging Predict Subsequent Physical Disabilities in Older Taiwanese Individuals? A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
2.2. Definition and Description of Variables
2.2.1. Attitudes toward Aging
2.2.2. Other Key Covariates
2.2.3. Physical Disability
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Associations between Individual Attitudes toward Aging and Subsequent Physical Disability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 65.32 ± 4.71 | |
Gender | ||
Male | 847 (51.80) | |
Female | 788 (48.20) | |
Education | ||
No Formal Education | 445 (27.22) | |
Elementary | 933 (57.06) | |
Middle/High School | 150 (9.17) | |
College Level or Higher | 107 (6.54) | |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 328 (20.06) | |
Married/Couple | 1307 (79.94) | |
Work Status | ||
Unemployed | 1187 (72.60) | |
Working | 448 (27.40) | |
Income | ||
None | 1191 (72.84) | |
Yes | 441 (26.97) | |
Refused to Answer | 3 (0.18) | |
Living Alone Statement | 117 (7.16) | |
Self-Described Health | ||
Good | 674 (41.22) | |
General | 552 (33.76) | |
Poor | 409 (25.02) | |
Number of Diseases | ||
None | 322 (19.69) | |
More than One | 1313 (80.31) | |
Pain | ||
None | 829 (50.70) | |
Yes but Tolerable | 784 (47.95) | |
Yes and Intolerable | 22 (1.35) | |
Hospitalization within the Past Year | ||
No | 1433 (87.65) | |
Yes | 202 (12.35) | |
Depression Status | ||
None | 73 (4.46) | |
Low-Level Depression | 1244 (76.09) | |
High-Level Depression | 318 (19.45) | |
Physical disability | ||
Mobility limitations | 1618 (61.99) | |
ADL limitations | 71 (2.72) | |
I agree with… | ||
Children providing expenses | 1456 (89.05) | |
Keeping property for respect | 1388 (84.89) | |
Assisting with taking care of grandchildren | 1445 (88.38) | |
Avoiding living with married children | 643 (39.33) | |
Financial self-reliance | 1247 (76.27) | |
Young people today pay less respect to older people. | 1222 (74.74) | |
The government takes good care of the elderly. | 954 (58.35) | |
Living with children | 1307 (79.94) | |
Widower’s remarriage | 357 (21.83) | |
Widow’s remarriage | 272 (16.64) |
Variables | Mobility Limitation | ADL Limitation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | p | aOR (95% CI) | p | |
Age | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (1.05–1.17) | <0.01 |
Gender | <0.0001 | 0.15 | ||
Male | Reference | Reference | ||
Female | 1.96 (1.49–2.57) | 1.48 (0.87–2.52) | ||
Education | ||||
No Formal Education | Reference | Reference | ||
Primary | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.15 | 0.80 (0.49–1.32) | 0.40 |
Middle/High school | 0.72 (0.45–1.14) | 0.17 | 0.70 (0.22–2.18) | 0.54 |
College or Higher | 0.63 (0.36–1.09) | 0.10 | 0.29 (0.03–2.36) | 0.25 |
Married/Couple | 1.26 (0.90–1.77) | 0.17 | 1.04 (0.57–1.91) | 0.88 |
Working | 0.62 (0.31–1.22) | 0.17 | 2.45 (0.53–11.2) | 0.25 |
With Income | ||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 1.05 (0.53–2.07) | 0.88 | 0.13 (0.02–0.69) | 0.02 |
Refused to Answer | 0.33 (0.02–4.47) | 0.41 | <0.0 (<0.0->999) | 0.99 |
Living Alone | 0.90 (0.54–1.50) | 0.70 | 1.44 (0.62–3.33) | 0.39 |
Self-Rated Health | ||||
Good | Reference | Reference | ||
General | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.03 | 2.21 (1.07–4.55) | 0.03 |
Poor | 2.04 (1.45–2.88) | <0.0001 | 3.93 (1.85–8.33) | <0.01 |
More than one Disease | 1.35 (1.00–1.83) | 0.05 | 1.1 (0.48–2.51) | 0.82 |
Pain | ||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes but Tolerable | 1.76 (1.37–2.27) | <0.0001 | 0.93 (0.53–1.64) | 0.82 |
Yes and Intolerable | 1.46 (0.51–4.20) | 0.48 | 3.46 (0.97–12.3) | 0.05 |
Hospitalization within the Past Year | 1.22 (0.84–1.79) | 0.29 | 1.34 (0.75–2.39) | 0.32 |
Depression Status | ||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||
Low-Level Depression | 0.82 (0.47–1.43) | 0.49 | 0.44 (0.16–1.19) | 0.11 |
High-Level Depression | 1.04 (0.56–1.95) | 0.89 | 0.76 (0.27–2.12) | 0.60 |
Physical Disability in 2003 | --- | --- | ||
Mobility limitations | 2.73 (2.12-3.52) | <0.0001 | --- | |
ADL limitations | --- | 4.48 (1.79–11.1) | <0.01 | |
Attitudes toward Aging in 2003 (Disagree reference to Agree) | ||||
Children Providing Expenses | 0.89 (0.60–1.30) | 0.56 | 0.72 (0.28–1.86) | 0.50 |
Keeping Property for Respect | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) | 0.58 | 0.80 (0.38–1.65) | 0.55 |
Assisting with Taking Care of Grandchildren | 1.28 (0.87–1.86) | 0.20 | 2.46 (1.31–4.60) | <0.01 |
Avoid Living with Married Children | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.51 | 1.05 (0.63–1.73) | 0.84 |
Financial Self-Reliance | 0.67 (0.50–0.90) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.58–1.70) | 1.00 |
Young People Today Pay Less Respect to Older People. | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 0.31 | 0.86 (0.49–1.50) | 0.60 |
The Government Takes Good Care of The Elderly. | 1.13 (0.89–1.44) | 0.29 | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.76 |
Living with Children | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 0.73 | 0.60 (0.29–1.24) | 0.17 |
Widower’s Remarriage | 1.43 (0.92–2.25) | 0.11 | 1.15 (0.49–2.66) | 0.74 |
Widow’s Remarriage | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 0.30 | 1.16 (0.42–3.19) | 0.77 |
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Sun, C.-Y.; Yeh, C.-Y.; Zhao, Y.; Chiu, C.-J. Can Individual Attitudes toward Aging Predict Subsequent Physical Disabilities in Older Taiwanese Individuals? A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010098
Sun C-Y, Yeh C-Y, Zhao Y, Chiu C-J. Can Individual Attitudes toward Aging Predict Subsequent Physical Disabilities in Older Taiwanese Individuals? A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010098
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Chien-Yao, Chun-Yin Yeh, Yan Zhao, and Ching-Ju Chiu. 2021. "Can Individual Attitudes toward Aging Predict Subsequent Physical Disabilities in Older Taiwanese Individuals? A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010098