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Volume 18
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10.3390/ijerph18105395
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Review

Occupational Exposures and Environmental Health Hazards of Military Personnel

by
Marta Geretto
1,
Marco Ferrari
2,
Roberta De Angelis
3,
Filippo Crociata
4,
Nicola Sebastiani
4,
Alessandra Pulliero
5,
William Au
6,7 and
Alberto Izzotti
1,8,*
1
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
2
Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
3
Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
4
General Inspectorate of Military Health, 00184 Rome, Italy
5
Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa,16132 Genoa, Italy
6
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
7
Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
8
IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105395
Submission received: 30 March 2021 / Revised: 5 May 2021 / Accepted: 9 May 2021 / Published: 18 May 2021
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Abstract

Background: Military personnel are frequently exposed to environmental pollutants that can cause a variety of diseases. Methods: This review analyzed publications regarding epidemiological and biomonitoring studies on occupationally-exposed military personnel. Results: The exposures include sulfur mustard, organ chlorines, combustion products, fuel vapors, and ionizing and exciting radiations. Important factors to be considered are the lengths and intensities of exposures, its proximity to the sources of environmental pollutants, as well as confounding factors (cigarette smoke, diet, photo-type, healthy warrior effect, etc.). Assessment of environmental and individual exposures to pollutants is crucial, although often omitted, because soldiers have often been evaluated based on reported health problems rather than on excessive exposure to pollutants. Biomarkers of exposures and effects are tools to explore relationships between exposures and diseases in military personnel. Another observation from this review is a major problem from the lack of suitable control groups. Conclusions: This review indicates that only studies which analyzed epidemiological and molecular biomarkers in both exposed and control groups would provide evidence-based conclusions on exposure and disease risk in military personnel.
Keywords: molecular epidemiology; biomarkers; soldiers; environmental pollution; occupational exposures molecular epidemiology; biomarkers; soldiers; environmental pollution; occupational exposures

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MDPI and ACS Style

Geretto, M.; Ferrari, M.; De Angelis, R.; Crociata, F.; Sebastiani, N.; Pulliero, A.; Au, W.; Izzotti, A. Occupational Exposures and Environmental Health Hazards of Military Personnel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105395

AMA Style

Geretto M, Ferrari M, De Angelis R, Crociata F, Sebastiani N, Pulliero A, Au W, Izzotti A. Occupational Exposures and Environmental Health Hazards of Military Personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105395

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geretto, Marta, Marco Ferrari, Roberta De Angelis, Filippo Crociata, Nicola Sebastiani, Alessandra Pulliero, William Au, and Alberto Izzotti. 2021. "Occupational Exposures and Environmental Health Hazards of Military Personnel" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105395

APA Style

Geretto, M., Ferrari, M., De Angelis, R., Crociata, F., Sebastiani, N., Pulliero, A., Au, W., & Izzotti, A. (2021). Occupational Exposures and Environmental Health Hazards of Military Personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105395

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