The Relationship of School Start Times, Sleep Duration and Mental Health among a Representative Sample of High School Students in Colorado, 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sleep Duration
2.2.2. Mental Health
2.2.3. Student Characteristics
2.2.4. School Level Characteristics
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bivariate Analysis
3.2. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Factor | Overall, % (95% CI) | Schools with Very Early Start Times, % (95% CI) | Schools with Early Start Times, % (95% CI) | Schools with Late Start Times, % (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Students | Total Responses a | 46,537 | 21,236 (53.2%) | 18,754 (28.2%) | 6547 (18.5%) | |
Sex | 0.92 | |||||
Female | 48.9 (48.3, 49.6) | 48.9 (47.9, 49.8) | 48.8 (47.8, 49.8) | 49.3(47.7, 50.8) | ||
Male | 51.1 (50.4, 51.7) | 51.1 (50.2, 52.1) | 51.2 (50.2, 52.2) | 50.7 (49.2, 52.3) | ||
Grade | 0.53 | |||||
9th | 26.8 (25.9, 27.7) | 27.8 (26.7, 28.9) | 26.2 (24.4, 28.1) | 24.9 (23.1, 26.8) | ||
10th | 25.8 (24.7, 26.9) | 25.4 (24.1, 26.8) | 26.8 (24.2, 29.3) | 25.4 (23.9, 27.0) | ||
11th | 24.1 (23.1, 25.0) | 23.7 (22.3, 25.0) | 24.5 (23.0, 26.0) | 24.5 (22.6, 26.4) | ||
12th | 23.3 (22.4, 24.2) | 23.1 (21.9, 24.3) | 22.6 (21.0, 24.1) | 25.1 (23.0, 27.1) | ||
Race/Ethnicity | 0.20 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 55.1 (51.7, 58.4) | 55.0 (49.0, 61.1) | 49.7 (44.4, 55.0) | 63.2 (57.2, 69.2) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 4.3 (3.5, 5.2) | 4.7 (3.2, 6.3) | 5.5 (3.7, 7.4) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | ||
Hispanic | 32.2 (29.0, 35.4) | 31.7 (26.0, 37.4) | 36.0 (30.7, 41.2) | 27.9 (21.8, 34.1) | ||
Other b/Multi-Racial | 8.4 (7.7, 9.0) | 8.5 (7.6, 9.4) | 8.7 (7.3, 10.2) | 7.5 (6.3, 8.7) | ||
Sexual Orientation | 0.99 | |||||
Heterosexual | 87.8 (87.1, 88.5) | 87.8 (86.7, 88.9) | 87.7 (86.4, 89.0) | 87.9 (86.8, 88.9) | ||
LGB | 12.2 (11.5, 12.9) | 12.2 (11.1, 13.3) | 12.3 (11.0, 13.6) | 12.1 (11.1, 13.2) | ||
Mental Health | 0.26 | |||||
Felt sad or hopeless | 34.7 (33.9, 35.5) | 35.3 (34.0, 36.7) | 34.4 (33.2, 35.6) | 33.2 (31.9, 34.4) | ||
Mother’s Education | 0.03 | |||||
Less than college | 31.6 (28.9, 34.2) | 31.7 (27.2, 36.2) | 37.1 (32.2, 42.1) | 22.9 (18.4, 27.3) | ||
Some college or above | 68.4 (65.8, 71.1) | 68.3 (63.8, 72.8) | 62.9 (57.9, 67.8) | 77.1 (72.7, 81.6) | ||
Schools | Total Participating | 166 | 86 (51.8%) | 60 (36.1%) | 20 (12.1%) | |
Urbanicity | <0.01 | |||||
Urban | 41 (24.7) | 20 (23.3) | 11 (18.3) | 10 (50.0) | ||
Suburban | 45 (27.1) | 28 (32.6) | 10 (16.7) | 7 (35.0) | ||
Rural | 80 (48.2) | 38 (44.2) | 39 (65.0) | 3 (15.0) | ||
Free and reduced lunch c | 38.8 (20.7) | 40.7 (21.8) | 39.7 (20.0) | 28.2 (15.2) | 0.05 |
Level | Factor | Overall, % (95% CI) | Schools with Very Early Start Times, % (95% CI) | Schools with Early Start Times, % (95% CI) | Schools with Late Start Times, % (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Students | Total Responses | 46,537 | 21,236 (53.2%) | 18,754 (28.2%) | 6547 (18.5%) | |
Sleep Duration | <0.01 | |||||
4 h or less | 8.9 (8.5, 9.3) | 10.4 (9.9, 11.0) | 7.8 (7.2, 8.3) | 6.1 (5.0, 7.1) | ||
5 h | 12.3 (11.8, 12.8) | 13.8 (13.1, 14.6) | 11.4 (10.6, 12.2) | 9.4 (8.2, 10.6) | ||
6 h | 23.3 (22.7, 23.9) | 24.7 (23.8, 25.6) | 22.7 (22.0, 23.5) | 20.0 (18.2, 21.7) | ||
7 h | 29.5 (29.0, 30.1) | 27.8 (27.0, 28.7) | 31.0 (29.8, 32.1) | 32.3 (31.1, 33.5) | ||
8 h | 19.9 (19.3, 20.5) | 17.8 (16.9, 18.7) | 20.7 (20.0, 21.4) | 24.4 (22.5, 26.4) | ||
9 h | 4.6 (4.3, 4.8) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.1) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.2) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.6) | ||
10 h or more | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | ||
Sleep Health | ||||||
8 h or more | 26.0 (25.2, 26.8) | 23.2 (22.0, 24.4) | 27.2 (26.2, 28.2) | 32.2 (29.5, 35.0) | <0.01 | |
Mental Health | ||||||
Considered suicide, past 12 months | 17.5 (17.0, 17.9) | 17.8 (17.0, 18.5) | 17.2 (16.4, 17.9) | 17.0 (16.0, 18.0) | 0.56 | |
Attempted suicide, past 12 months | 7.6 (7.2, 8.0) | 8.0 (7.5, 8.5) | 7.9 (7.0, 8.7) | 6.1 (5.5, 6.8) | 0.03 |
Factor | Consider Suicide | Attempt Suicide | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | nc | aOR (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) | nc | aOR (95% CI) | |
School start time | ||||||
Late: ≥8:30 a.m. | 17.0 | 1147 | 1.00 | 6.1 | 463 | 1.00 |
Early: 8:00–8:29 a.m. | 17.2 | 3133 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 7.9 | 1469 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) |
Very Early: <8:00 a.m. | 17.8 | 3702 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | 8.0 | 1742 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) |
Feel sad or hopeless | ||||||
Never felt sad/hopeless more than 2 weeks | 3.9 | 1109 | 1.00 | 1.5 | 441 | 1.00 |
Ever felt sad/hopeless more than 2 weeks | 43.3 | 6857 | 16.38 (14.63, 18.33) | 19.2 | 3200 | 13.77 (11.74, 16.16) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 17.3 | 4102 | 1.00 | 6.1 | 1522 | 1.00 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 16.1 | 184 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) | 8.6 | 112 | 1.53 (1.10, 2.12) |
Hispanic | 17.0 | 2653 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 9.4 | 1510 | 1.30 (1.15, 1.48) |
Other/Multi-Racial a | 20.6 | 839 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) | 10.1 | 422 | 1.64 (1.39, 1.93) |
Sexual orientation | ||||||
Heterosexual | 13.4 | 5052 | 1.00 | 5.4 | 2179 | 1.00 |
LGB | 42.0 | 2139 | 2.54 (2.29, 2.82) | 20.7 | 1087 | 2.42 (2.13, 2.74) |
Urbanicity | ||||||
Urban | 17.3 | 2270 | 1.00 | 7.6 | 1054 | 1.00 |
Suburban | 17.7 | 2674 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 7.6 | 1160 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.32) |
Rural | 17.2 | 3038 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 7.7 | 1460 | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) |
Mother’s education | ||||||
Less than college | 20.0 | 2710 | 1.00 | 10.5 | 1430 | 1.00 |
Some college or above | 17.0 | 4363 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 6.0 | 1679 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) |
Free and reduced lunch b | - | - | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | - | - | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
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Neuroth, L.M.; Ma, M.; Brooks-Russell, A.; Zhu, M. The Relationship of School Start Times, Sleep Duration and Mental Health among a Representative Sample of High School Students in Colorado, 2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115708
Neuroth LM, Ma M, Brooks-Russell A, Zhu M. The Relationship of School Start Times, Sleep Duration and Mental Health among a Representative Sample of High School Students in Colorado, 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115708
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeuroth, Lucas M., Ming Ma, Ashley Brooks-Russell, and Motao Zhu. 2021. "The Relationship of School Start Times, Sleep Duration and Mental Health among a Representative Sample of High School Students in Colorado, 2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115708