Work–Family Conflict on Children’s Internet Addiction: Role of Parenting Styles in Korean Working Mother
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Children’s Problematic Internet Use
1.2. Maternal Work–Family Conflict
1.3. The Role of Parenting Styles
1.4. Research Purpose and Hypothesis
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data and Study Participants
2.3. Measurement
2.3.1. Household Income
2.3.2. Work–Family Conflict
2.3.3. Parenting Styles
2.3.4. The PIU of a Child
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Crude Logistic Regression Relevant to the PIU of a Child
3.3. Mediator Effect of Parenting Styles in the Association of WFC with the PIU of A Child
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) | Mean ± SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Mothers | |||
Age (year) | 40.0 ± 3.58 | 29.0–55.0 | |
Education (≥some college) | 532 (75.2) | ||
Marital status | |||
Married | 682 (96.5) | ||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 25 (3.5) | ||
Type of employment | |||
Permanent position | 451 (63.8) | ||
Temporary position | 78 (11.0) | ||
Self-employed | 147 (20.8) | ||
Unpaid family worker | 31 (4.4) | ||
Good self-rated health | 334 (47.2) | ||
Children | |||
Age | 9.4 ± 0.12 | 9.0–10.0 | |
Sex | |||
Men | 364 (51.5) | ||
Women | 343 (48.5) | ||
Good self-rated health | 628 (88.8) | ||
Hours of internet use (hours/day) | |||
≥2 h/day | 210 (29.7) | ||
<2 h/day | 497 (70.3) | ||
Self-esteem | 3.5 ± 0.42 | 1.6–4.0 | |
Household income (million, won) | 581.2 ± 441.58 | 100–7000 | |
Low SES (≤400 million, won) | 222 (31.4) | ||
Work–Family conflict | 2.4 ± 0.71 | 1.0–5.0 | |
Parenting behaviors | |||
Authoritative parenting style | 3.8 ± 0.39 | 2.3–5.0 | |
Authoritarian parenting style | 2.4 ± 0.44 | 1.2–3.9 | |
Permissive parenting style | 2.3 ± 0.31 | 1.4–3.4 | |
Problematic internet use | 24.1 ± 6.25 | 15.0–55.0 | |
High-risk group | 18 (2.5) | ||
Potential-risk group | 74 (10.5) | ||
General user group | 615 (87.5) |
Variables | β (SE) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mothers | |||
Age (year) | −0.04 (0.032) | 0.96 (0.91–1.03) | 0.264 |
Education (≥some college) | −0.62 (0.238) | 0.54 (0.34–0.86) | 0.009 |
Marital status (married) | −1.01 (0.460) | 0.37 (0.15–0.90) | 0.029 |
Type of employment (permanent) | 0.01 (0.117) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.954 |
Good self-rated health | −0.88 (0.243) | 0.42 (0.26–0.67) | <0.001 |
Children | |||
Age (year) | 0.25 (0.957) | 1.29 (0.20–8.40) | 0.791 |
Gender (men) | 0.76 (0.237) | 2.14 (1.38–3.41) | 0.001 |
Good self-rated health | −0.61 (0.306) | 0.54 (0.30–0.99) | 0.045 |
Hours of internet use (≥2 h/day) | 1.06 (0.228) | 2.90 (1.85–4.53) | <0.001 |
Self-esteem | −0.67 (0.244) | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | 0.006 |
Family economic status | |||
Low SES (≤400 million, won) | −0.23 (0.250) | 0.79 (0.49–1.29) | 0.350 |
Work–Family conflict | 0.52 (0.156) | 1.68 (1.24–2.28) | 0.001 |
Parenting Styles | |||
Authoritative parenting style | −1.25 (0.299) | 0.29 (0.16–0.52) | <0.001 |
Authoritarian parenting style | 1.43 (0.273) | 4.16 (2.44–7.11) | <0.001 |
Permissive parenting style | 2.33 (0.403) | 10.29 (4.67–22.68) | <0.001 |
Variables | β (SE) | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Parenting behaviors: Authoritative parenting style | |||
First equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Independent variable: WFC | 0.47 (0.170) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | 0.006 |
Second equation | |||
Outcome variable: Authoritative parenting style | |||
Independent variable: WFC | −0.06 (0.020) | 0.002 | |
Third equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Mediator: Authoritative parenting style | −0.76 (0.328) | 0.47 (0.25–0.89) | 0.021 |
Independent variable: WFC | 0.44 (0.172) | 1.55 (1.11–2.17) | 0.011 |
Sobel’s test, z = 2.08, p = 0.037 | |||
Parenting behaviors: Authoritarian parenting style | |||
First equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Independent variable: WFC | 0.47 (0.170) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | 0.006 |
Second equation | |||
Outcome variable: Authoritarian parenting style | |||
Independent variable: WFC | 0.08 (0.023) | - | 0.001 |
Third equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Mediator: Authoritarian parenting style | 1.33 (0.305) | 3.78 (2.08–6.87) | <0.001 |
Independent variable: WFC | 0.40 (0.176) | 1.49 (1.06–2.10) | 0.023 |
Sobel’s test, z = 2.71, p = 0.007 | |||
Parenting behaviors: Permissive parenting style | |||
First equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Independent variable: WFC | 0.47 (0.170) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | 0.006 |
Second equation | |||
Outcome variable: Permissive parenting style | |||
Independent variable: WFC | 0.07 (0.016) | <0.001 | |
Third equation | |||
Outcome variable: The PIU of a child | |||
Mediator: Permissive parenting style | 1.91 (0.422) | 6.78 (2.96–15.50) | <0.001 |
Independent variable: WFC | 0.37 (0.178) | 1.45 (1.02–2.05) | 0.037 |
Sobel’s test, z = 3.14, p = 0.002 |
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Yang, H.-M.; Kim, H.-R. Work–Family Conflict on Children’s Internet Addiction: Role of Parenting Styles in Korean Working Mother. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115774
Yang H-M, Kim H-R. Work–Family Conflict on Children’s Internet Addiction: Role of Parenting Styles in Korean Working Mother. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115774
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hwa-Mi, and Hye-Ryoung Kim. 2021. "Work–Family Conflict on Children’s Internet Addiction: Role of Parenting Styles in Korean Working Mother" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115774