Cytogenetic, Serum Liver Enzymes and Liver Cell Pathology of the Hampala Barb Fish (Hampala macrolepidota) Affected by Toxic Elements in the Contaminated Nam Kok River near the Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Quality Parameters
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Measurements of the Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations
2.4.1. Water Samples
2.4.2. Sediment Samples
2.4.3. Fish Samples
2.4.4. Quality Control and Quality Assurance
2.5. Chromosome Preparation and Assessment
2.6. Serum Liver Enzymes
2.7. Liver Histopathology Study
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parameters of Water Quality
3.2. Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations in Water Samples
3.3. Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations in Sediment Samples
3.4. Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations in H. macrolepidota Samples
3.5. Chromosome Sssessment in H. macrolepidota
3.6. Serum Liver Enzymes
3.7. Liver Histopathology
4. Discussion
4.1. Water Quality Parameters
4.2. Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations in Water, Sediment and H. macrolepidota
4.3. Chromosome Study in H. macrolepidota
4.4. Serum Biohemistry Study in H. macrolepidota
4.5. Histopathology Study in H. macrolepidota
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Parameters | Analytical Methods |
---|---|
Dissolved oxygen | DO meter, Model 966, Mettler Toledo |
pH | pH meter, Model EcoScan pH 5 |
Temperature | Eutech Thermometer |
Total hardness, Carbonate hardness | Test kits, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand |
Electrical conductivity | EC meter, Mettler Toledo |
Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia | Titration methods |
Samples | Concentrations | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Nam Kok River (Study Area) | Nam Souang River (Control Area) | ||
Temperature (°C) | 23.65 ± 0.46 | 26.20 ± 0.67 | 0.009 * |
DO (mg/L) | 12.69 ± 0.77 | 7.96 ± 0.57 | 0.009 * |
pH | 8.08 ± 0.21 | 7.65 ± 0.34 | 0.007 * |
TH (mg/L) | 114.00 ± 5.48 | 94.00 ± 4.35 | 0.215 |
CH (mg/L) | 11.00 ± 5.48 | 3.77 ± 0.48 | 0.154 |
Nitrite (mg/L) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.118 |
Nitrate (mg/L) | 7.43 ± 1.85 | 8.83 ± 3.67 | 0.062 |
Ammonia (mg/L) | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.065 |
EC (μs/cm) | 443.40 ± 12.67 | 251.13 ± 6.24 | 0.207 |
Potentially Toxic Elements | Concentration in Water (mg/L) | p-Value | Standard | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nam Kok River (Study Area) | Nam Souang River (Control Area) | |||
As | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.008 * | 0.01 a |
Ba | 5.581 ± 0.774 | 1.918 ± 1.281 | 0.009 * | 0.05 g |
Cd | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.142 | 0.01 b |
Cr | 0.017 ± 0.007 | 0.018 ± 0.015 | 0.465 | 0.05 d |
Cu | 0.031 ± 0.006 | 0.010 ± 0.005 | 0.009 * | - |
Fe | 0.638 ± 0.126 ** | 0.910 ± 0.265 ** | 0.076 | 0.30 e |
Mn | 0.109 ± 0.039 ** | 0.112 ± 0.016 ** | 0.347 | 0.05 f |
Ni | 0.351 ± 0.436 ** | 0.017 ± 0.009 | 0.009 * | 0.02 d |
Pb | 0.038 ± 0.030 | 0.023 ± 0.019 | 0.347 | 0.05 b |
Se | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.047 * | - |
Zn | 3.526 ± 0.615 ** | 1.797 ± 0.978 ** | 0.028 * | 0.20 c |
Potentially Toxic Elements | Concentration in Sediment (mg/kg) | p-Value | Standard | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nam Kok River (Study Area) | Nam Souang River (Control Area) | |||
As | 14.05 ± 7.30 ** | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.009 * | 3.90 a |
Ba | 429.59 ± 15.58 | 12.42 ± 16.07 | 0.009 * | - |
Cd | 2.35 ± 0.49 ** | 0.073 ± 0.06 | 0.009 * | 0.16 b |
Cr | 18.08 ± 5.96 | 0.48 ±0.22 | 0.009 * | 45.50 b |
Cu | 47.89 ± 16.55 ** | 0.42 ± 0.28 | 0.009 * | 21.50 b |
Fe | 13,198.38 ± 1861.08 | 214.94 ± 59.49 | 0.000 * | - |
Mn | 231.97 ± 95.91 | 2.95 ± 1.06 | 0.009 * | 1800 a |
Ni | 37.25 ± 8.06 | 1.89 ± 1.79 | 0.009 * | 75.00 c |
Pb | 50.50 ± 14.73 | 1.44 ± 0.93 | 0.009 * | 300.00 c |
Se | ND | 0.03 ± 0.03 | - | - |
Zn | 343.45 ± 28.46 ** | 9.63 ± 8.23 | 0.009 * | 300.00 c |
Potentially Toxic Elements | Concentration (mg/kg) | p-Value | Standard | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nam Kok River (Study Area) | Nam Souang River (Control Area) | |||
As | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.047 * | 2.00 a |
Ba | 0.89 ± 0.41 | 1.96 ± 0.52 | 0.016 * | - |
Cd | 0.21 ± 0.09 ** | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 0.009 * | 0.05 b |
Cr | 3.58 ± 0.54 ** | 1.67 ± 0.23 | 0.009 * | 2.00 c |
Cu | 2.20 ± 1.08 | 1.32 ± 0.22 | 0.028 * | 10.00 c |
Fe | 44.74 ± 19.21 | 39.33 ± 8.84 | 0.917 | - |
Mn | 4.19 ± 0.81 ** | 2.14 ± 0.55 ** | 0.009 * | 1.00 c |
Ni | 1.70 ± 0.24 | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 0.009 * | - |
Pb | ND | 0.04 ± 0.04 | - | 0.20 d |
Se | 1.21 ± 0.76 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.009 * | - |
Zn | 79.25 ± 2.86 | 62.22 ± 15.95 | 0.047 * | - |
H. macrolepidota | Number of Chromosome Abnormalities | Total Number of CA | Cell Number with CA | Percentage of CA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | SCG | CG | D | SCB | CF | ||||
Study area | 0(1.5) | 0(1.5) | 21(20) | 5(2.5) | 0(0.5) | 2(2.5) | 30(19.5) | 15(4) | 30(8) |
Total/Average * | 3 | 3 | 127 | 22 | 1 | 15 | 171 | 73 | 29.20 * |
Control area | 0(0) | 0(0) | 6(2) | 1(0.5) | 0(0) | 0(1) | 8(2.5) | 6(3.5) | 12(7) |
Total/Average * | 0 | 0 | 30 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 39 | 27 | 10.80 * |
p-value | 0.009 ** | 0.009 ** | 0.009 ** |
Parameter | Nam Kok River (Study Area) (n = 9) | Nam Souang River (Control Area) (n = 9) |
---|---|---|
AST (IU/L) | 66.34 ± 13.67 * | 32.67 ± 4.34 * |
ALT (IU/L) | 63.38 ± 7.73 * | 28.67 ± 2.27 * |
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Soulivongsa, L.; Tengjaroenkul, B.; Patawang, I.; Neeratanaphan, L. Cytogenetic, Serum Liver Enzymes and Liver Cell Pathology of the Hampala Barb Fish (Hampala macrolepidota) Affected by Toxic Elements in the Contaminated Nam Kok River near the Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115854
Soulivongsa L, Tengjaroenkul B, Patawang I, Neeratanaphan L. Cytogenetic, Serum Liver Enzymes and Liver Cell Pathology of the Hampala Barb Fish (Hampala macrolepidota) Affected by Toxic Elements in the Contaminated Nam Kok River near the Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115854
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoulivongsa, Latsamy, Bundit Tengjaroenkul, Isara Patawang, and Lamyai Neeratanaphan. 2021. "Cytogenetic, Serum Liver Enzymes and Liver Cell Pathology of the Hampala Barb Fish (Hampala macrolepidota) Affected by Toxic Elements in the Contaminated Nam Kok River near the Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115854