The Effects of Children’s Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Model
2.2. Data
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dependent Variable: Sleep Duration
2.3.2. Independent Variable: Smartphone Addiction
2.3.3. Moderator Variable
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Differences in the Main Variables According to Gender and Age
3.2. Analysis of Research Model
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subdomain | Items |
---|---|
Disturbance of Adaptive Functions | 1. My school grades dropped due to excessive smartphone use |
2. I have a hard time doing what I have planned (study, do homework, or go to afterschool classes) due to using smartphone | |
3. People frequently comment on my excessive smartphone use | |
4. Family or friends complain that I use my smartphone too much | |
5. My smartphone does not distract me from my studies | |
Virtual world orientation | 6. Using a smartphone is more enjoyable than spending time with family or friends |
7. When I cannot use a smartphone, I feel like I have lost the entire world | |
Withdrawal | 8. It would be painful if I am not allowed to use a smartphone |
9. I get restless and nervous when I am without a smartphone | |
10. I am not anxious even when I am without a smartphone | |
11. I panic when I cannot use my smartphone | |
Tolerance | 12. I try cutting my smartphone usage time, but I fail |
13. Even when I think I should stop, I continue to use my smartphone too much | |
14. Spending a lot of time on my smartphone has become a habit | |
15. I don’t spend a lot of time using smartphone |
Variables | Male (n = 2568) | Female (n = 2372) | t | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Smartphone addiction | 1.87 | 0.50 | 1.86 | 0.51 | 0.418 |
Disturbance of adaptive functions | 2.11 | 0.60 | 2.08 | 0.62 | 1.723 |
Virtual life orientation | 1.52 | 0.61 | 1.50 | 0.59 | 0.873 |
Withdrawal | 1.64 | 0.57 | 1.64 | 0.58 | 0.020 |
Tolerance | 2.20 | 0.67 | 2.22 | 0.72 | −1.058 |
Sleep duration | 8.64 | 1.01 | 8.45 | 1.15 | 6.342 *** |
Variables | Grade 4 (n = 2399) | Grade 7 (n = 2541) | t | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Smartphone addiction | 1.75 | 0.50 | 1.97 | 0.48 | −16.352 *** |
Disturbance of adaptive functions | 1.97 | 0.60 | 2.22 | 0.58 | −14.511 *** |
Virtual life orientation | 1.41 | 0.57 | 1.61 | 0.61 | −11.933 *** |
Withdrawal symptoms | 1.54 | 0.56 | 1.73 | 0.58 | −11.524 *** |
Tolerance | 2.06 | 0.70 | 2.34 | 0.66 | −14.407 *** |
Sleep duration | 9.17 | 0.81 | 7.96 | 0.97 | 47.772 *** |
Variables | B | S.E. | |
---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | Smartphone Addiction (A) | −0.109 * | 0.044 |
Moderator variable | Gender (B) | 0.082 | 0.097 |
Age (C) | −1.202 *** | 0.099 | |
Interaction | A × B | −0.177 *** | 0.050 |
A × C | 0.016 | 0.051 | |
Constant | 9.473 | 0.082 | |
R2 | 0.336 | ||
F(sig.) | 499.61 *** |
Variables | B | S.E. | |
---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | Disturbance of adaptive functions (A) | −0.048 | 0.050 |
Virtual life orientation (B) | 0.008 | 0.051 | |
Withdrawl (C) | 0.052 | 0.055 | |
Tolerance(D) | −0.139 ** | 0.042 | |
Moderator variable | Gender (E) | 0.064 | 0.099 |
Age (F) | −1.230 *** | 0.102 | |
Interaction | A × E | −0.027 | 0.058 |
B × E | −0.066 | 0.059 | |
C × E | −0.127 * | 0.069 | |
D × E | −0.028 | 0.051 | |
A × F | 0.082 | 0.058 | |
B × F | −0.087 | 0.059 | |
C × F | 0.017 | 0.063 | |
D × F | −0.004 | 0.051 | |
Constant | 9.493 | 0.084 | |
R2 | 0.338 | ||
F(sig.) | 179.89 *** |
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Yoon, J.-Y.; Jeong, K.-H.; Cho, H.J. The Effects of Children’s Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115943
Yoon J-Y, Jeong K-H, Cho HJ. The Effects of Children’s Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115943
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Ji-Yeon, Kyu-Hyoung Jeong, and Heeran J. Cho. 2021. "The Effects of Children’s Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115943
APA StyleYoon, J.-Y., Jeong, K.-H., & Cho, H. J. (2021). The Effects of Children’s Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115943