Profile of the Change in Depression during Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Influence of the Mucosal Break
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Study Outcomes
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Change in Reflux Symptoms and Depression during Follow-Up
3.3. Factors Associated with the Change in Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | Total | MB | NoMB | pa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 172 | 52 | 120 | |
Female | 106 (61.6) | 23 (44.2) | 83 (69.2) | <0.01 |
Age (years) | 47.5 ± 21.0 | 44.0 ± 22.0 | 49.0 ± 22.0 | 0.20 |
Level of education | ||||
<University | 84 (48.8) | 26 (50.0) | 58 (48.3) | 0.87 |
≥University | 88 (51.2) | 26 (50.0) | 62 (51.7) | |
Marriage | 129 (75.0) | 37 (71.2) | 92 (76.7) | 0.45 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 5.4 | 24.3 ± 4.9 | 23.4 ± 5.0 | 0.21 |
Alcohol | 69 (40.1) | 28 (53.8) | 41 (34.2) | 0.02 |
Coffee | 78 (45.3) | 23 (44.2) | 55 (45.8) | 0.87 |
Tea | 71 (41.3) | 23 (44.2) | 48 (40.0) | 0.62 |
Exercise | 86 (50.0) | 27 (51.9) | 59 (49.2) | 0.87 |
RDQt0 | 12.0 ± 14.0 | 12.0 ± 15.0 | 12.5 ± 13.0 | 0.66 |
TDQt0 | 11.0 ± 12.0 | 10.0 ± 14.0 | 11.0 ± 12.0 | 0.07 |
PSQI | 5.0 ± 5.0 | 6.0 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 5.0 | 0.95 |
Measurement | Group | Number | Score (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Improve (%) | p a | Baseline (t0) | After PPI (t1) | Change from Baseline | p b | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | p c | ||
RDQ | All | 172 | 164 (95.3) | 14.8 ± 8.6 | 1.9 ± 3.7 | −12.9 ± 8.9 | <0.01 | 1.12 | ||
MB | 52 | 50 (96.2) | 0.99 | 14.9 ± 8.9 | 1.8 ± 3.5 | −13.2 ± 8.6 | <0.01 | 1.24 | 0.66 | |
NoMB | 120 | 114 (95.0) | 14.7 ± 8.5 | 2.0 ± 3.7 | −12.7 ± 9.1 | <0.01 | 1.08 | |||
TDQ | All | 172 | 66 (38.4) | 13.2 ± 10.1 | 10.9 ± 9.8 | −2.3 ± 7.5 | <0.01 | 0.30 | ||
MB | 52 | 15 (28.8) | 0.12 | 12.5 ± 10.5 | 11.2 ± 9.2 | −1.2 ± 8.1 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.07 | |
NoMB | 120 | 51 (42.5) | 13.5 ± 9.9 | 10.8 ± 10.0 | −2.7 ± 7.2 | <0.01 | 0.38 |
Factors | Univariate Model | Multivariate Model a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B (n = 172) (95% CI) | p | B (n = 167) (95% CI) | p | |
Mucosal break | 1.47 (−0.98, 3.92) | 0.24 | 3.31 (1.12, 5.51) | <0.01 |
Female | 2.29 (−0.01, 4.59) | 0.05 | 3.74 (1.59, 5.89) | <0.01 |
Age (years) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.14 | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.17) | 0.21 |
Education (ref: <university) | ||||
≥University | −3.01 (−5.23, −0.80) | 0.01 | −3.08 (−5.10, −1.06) | <0.01 |
Marriage | 1.92 (−0.67, 4.52) | 0.15 | −0.61 (−3.41, 2.19) | 0.67 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.20 (−0.50, 0.10) | 0.18 | −0.18 (−0.43, 0.08) | 0.18 |
Alcohol | 0.67 (−1.64, 2.98) | 0.57 | 1.94 (−0.15, 4.02) | 0.07 |
Coffee | 1.55 (−0.71, 3.81) | 0.18 | 0.52 (−1.50, 2.53) | 0.56 |
Tea | −0.88 (−3.18, 1.41) | 0.45 | −0.18 (−2.18, 1.83) | 0.86 |
Exercise | 0.51 (−1.75, 2.77) | 0.66 | 0.24 (−1.72, 2.20) | 0.81 |
PPI duration (days) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | 0.17 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.02 |
RDQt0 | −0.14 (−0.27, −0.01) | 0.03 | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.04) | 0.20 |
PSQI | −0.41 (−0.73, −0.09) | 0.01 | −0.61 (−0.90, −0.31) | <0.01 |
Factors | Univariate Model | Multivariate Model a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | |
Mucosal break | 0.55 (0.27, 1.10) | 0.09 | 0.38 (0.17, 0.86) | 0.02 |
Female | 0.76 (0.40, 1.42) | 0.39 | 0.58 (0.27, 1.23) | 0.15 |
Age (years) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.53 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.22 |
Education (ref: <university) | ||||
≥University | 1.86 (1.00, 3.47) | 0.05 | 2.20 (1.07, 4.51) | 0.03 |
Marriage | 1.07 (0.52, 2.18) | 0.10 | 2.03 (0.73, 5.66) | 0.18 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 0.42 | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.28 |
Alcohol | 0.70 (0.37, 1.32) | 0.27 | 0.52 (0.25, 1.10) | 0.09 |
Coffee | 0.75 (0.40, 1.39) | 0.36 | 0.91 (0.44, 1.85) | 0.79 |
Tea | 1.32 (0.71, 2.46) | 0.07 | 1.46 (0.72, 2.98) | 0.29 |
Exercise | 1.10 (0.60, 2.04) | 0.75 | 1.40 (0.69, 2.81) | 0.35 |
PPI duration (days) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.04 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.01 |
RDQt0 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.18 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0.65 |
PSQI | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 0.12 | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 0.04 |
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Wu, C.-L.; Chen, C.-L.; Wen, S.-H. Profile of the Change in Depression during Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Influence of the Mucosal Break. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115964
Wu C-L, Chen C-L, Wen S-H. Profile of the Change in Depression during Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Influence of the Mucosal Break. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115964
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Chia-Liang, Chien-Lin Chen, and Shu-Hui Wen. 2021. "Profile of the Change in Depression during Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Influence of the Mucosal Break" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115964