Clinical Work and Life of Mid-Career Male Nurses: A Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Trustworthiness
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Category 1. Limitations and Adaptation to Work Performance
3.2.1. Theme Cluster 1. Compliance with the Workplace Culture
“I think hospitals are a social version of the military. I do think that the excessively strict hierarchical work environment and system based on the years of employment or rank are unreasonable and unproductive; but that doesn’t change easily.”(Participant 8)
“As I continued to work without an accident or a mishap, the preceptors and senior nurses must have thought that I would work here for a long time and started treating me differently. This means that, in order to settle in a new place, I need to work really hard.”(Participant 1)
3.2.2. Theme Cluster 2. Being Recognized as a Member of the Organization
“I don’t talk about personal matters other than work. I think it’s a gender-specific cultural difference, but it seems that they distort my meaning rather than listen to what I’m saying. There are miscommunications that can arise from that …”(Participant 3)
“I don’t want to cause trouble by acting out and trying to solve problems myself. I don’t even know that the more junior nurses are ready to accept and fix their behavior based on what I teach anyway. I worry that I would unnecessarily worsen the culture of the department.”(Participant 1)
3.2.3. Theme Cluster 3. New Role Burden
“I became the charge nurse of the orthopedics surgery room. The Head Nurse gave me the job of caring for and teaching junior nurses. I am trying to make them A-grade practitioners by strictly educating and sometimes disciplining them.”(Participant 4)
3.2.4. Theme Cluster 4. Physical Exhaustion
“Definitely with shift work, I can’t sleep well, and [my] life pattern is irregular. The exhaustion just does not end.”(Participant 3)
“For a few years in the beginning, my physical strength recovered quickly even if I worked night shift. Now that I’m in my late 30s, the recovery speed is getting slower.”(Participant 6)
3.3. Category 2. Interpersonal Difficulties and Coping
3.3.1. Theme Cluster 1. Strategy and Support for Survival
“I think that when I get criticized for a mistake, admitting the mistake, putting in the effort to not make the same mistake, controlling my facial expressions, and communicating with manners to wrap it up are the most important.”(Participant 8)
“When I first got assigned the role in the department in 2004, I was the only male out of 35 nurses. No matter how close I got with female nurses I couldn’t ignore the differences in thought that stem from gender. People that were there for me then were the staff and paramedics.”(Participant 1)
“Every time, the Head Nurse gives a lot of advice on what the best way is to do things in hospital life. I think I came to rely on that a lot.”(Participant 7)
3.3.2. Theme Cluster 2. Improved Patient Relationships
“Definitely, with more experience, better work techniques and skills are obvious. But this is also important in the relationship with patients. I think that there is more trust in the relationship with patients because of these things.”(Participant 8)
“When I first got hired and I told patients during rounds that I was a nurse, most patients responded like, “A man?”. Now, maybe because there are a few male nurses in the department and male nurses are more common in channels of mass communication, patients who visit often show me that they know me and treat me kindly.”(Participant 5)
3.4. Category 3. Facing Reality and Preparing for the Future
3.4.1. Theme Cluster 1. Growth Limitations
“I worked here for a long time and the salary is okay. But with more age and growing children, how many people would be willing to work as a regular nurse to work until retirement? At least if I become the Head Nurse I can be guaranteed my future until retirement; but that is not easy.”(Participant 1)
“From what I can tell there are almost no male nurses from the beginning that hold high positions. What good is an increase in male nursing students? Most quit after a little while and I think the lack of a definite role model may be one of the reasons. This is why male nurses need to be pioneers in the field of nursing.”(Participant 2)
3.4.2. Theme Cluster 2. Preparing for a Better Future
“When I linked my interests to my studies, it connected to insurance evaluation jobs. I had a thought that it would be good to go into an insurance evaluation team when given a chance, and I am currently preparing to obtain a certificate for it.”(Participant 4)
“All four male nursing students in my college cohort quit hospitals to become government firefighters, and most male juniors and seniors from when I was in college also became government firefighters. Hearing that, I have been wondering if I should also prepare to become a government firefighter.”(Participant 3)
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Harding, T.; Jamieson, I.; Withington, J.; Hudson, D.; Dixon, A. Attracting men to nursing: Is graduate entry an answer? Nurse Educ. Pract. 2018, 28, 257–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Korean Nurses Association. Number of Male Nurses. Available online: http://www.koreanurse.or.kr/board/board_read.php?board_id=research&member_id=admin&exec=&no=39&category_no=2&step=0&tag=&sgroup=37&sfloat=&position=0&mode=&find=&search= (accessed on 12 January 2019).
- Korean Nurses Association. Nursing Statistics. Available online: http://www.koreanurse.or.kr/ (accessed on 8 January 2018).
- Yu, M.; Kang, K.J.; Yu, S.J.; Park, M. Factors affecting retention intention of male nurses working health care institution in Korea. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. Adm. 2017, 23, 280–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenna, L.; Vanderheide, R.; Brooks, I. Is graduate entry education a solution to increasing numbers of men in nursing? Nurse Educ. Pract. 2016, 17, 74–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.I.; Gau, M.L.; Shiau, S.J.; Hu, W.H.; Shih, F.J. Professional career development for male nurses. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004, 48, 642–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, K.H.; Seo, J.M.; Hwang, S.K. Content analysis of male hospital nurses’ experiences. Korean J. Adult. Nurs. 2009, 21, 652–665. [Google Scholar]
- Yoon, H.; Choi, J.; Lee, E.; Lee, H.; Park, M. Effects of decision making competency, nursing professionalism, and job satisfaction on turnover impulse among nurses. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. Adm. 2013, 19, 658–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, H.; Tu, J. The working experiences of male nurses in China: Implications for male nurse recruitment and retention. J. Nurs. Manag. 2020, 28, 441–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollup, O. The impact of gender, culture, and sexuality on Mauritian nursing: Nursing as a non-gendered occupational identity or masculine field? Qualitative study. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2014, 51, 752–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anker, R. Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview. Int. Labour. Rev. 1997, 138, 315–339. [Google Scholar]
- Busch, A. Determinants of Occupational Gender Segregation: Work Values and Gender Typical Occupational Preferences of Adolescents; DFG Research Center from Heterogeneities to Inequalities: Bielefeld, Germany, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, C.L. The glass escalator, revisited: Gender inequality in neoliberal times, SWS feminist lecturer. Gend. Soc. 2013, 27, 609–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muench, U.; Sindelar, J.; Busch, S.H.; Buerhaus, P.I. Salary differences between male and female registered nurses in the United States. JAMA 2015, 313, 1265–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, I.; Shim, H. Subjectivity on the job image of male nurses. Korean J. Soc. Sci. Study Subj. 2016, 32, 69–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meadus, R.J.; Twomey, J.C. Men in nursing: Making the right choice. Can. Nurse 2007, 103, 13–16. [Google Scholar]
- Park, S.; Kwon, D.W.; Kim, D.; Kim, S.H. Influences of gender-related perceptions and experiences on nursing professionalism: A cross-sectional study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2019, 21, 515–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.H.; Park, K.O.; Kim, J.K.; Jun, H.J.; Lee, J.H.; Cho, E.K.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, Y.H. An adaptation experience of male nurses at general nursing unit. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. Adm. 2016, 22, 496–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, M.Y.; Park, M.R.; Park, M.M. Survey on the Status of Hospital Nursing Staff Placement; Hospital Nursing Association: Seoul, Korea, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- McMillian, J.; Morgan, S.A.; Ament, P. Acceptance of male registered nurses by female registered nurses. J. Nurs. Sch. 2006, 38, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.H.; Kim, S.J.; Kang, H.K. Male nurses’ adaptation experience in clinical nursing settings. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2003, 33, 17–25. [Google Scholar]
- Saunders, B.; Sim, J.; Kingstone, T.; Baker, S.; Waterfield, J.; Bartlam, B.; Burroughs, H.; Jinks, C. Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual. Quant. 2018, 52, 1893–1907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colaizzi, F. Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Lincoln, Y.S.; Guba, E.G. Naturalistic Inquiry; Sage: Beverly Hills, CA, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, K.J.; Kim, M. The relationship of gender role conflict and job satisfaction upon organizational commitment in male nurses. Korean J. Adult. Nurs. 2013, 26, 46–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rajacich, D.; Kane, D.; Williston, C.; Cameron, S. If they do call you a nurse, it is always a “male nurse”: Experiences of men in the nursing profession. Nurs. Forum. 2013, 48, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, K.H.; Yang, H.K.; Kim, K.H.; Cho, Y.C. Fatigue symptoms and its related factors among clerical public officers. Korean J. Health Edu. Promot. 2007, 24, 29–44. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.; Lee, J. Turnover experience of male nurses. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2017, 47, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moon, I.; Lee, Y. Factors influencing fatigue, physical health status and negative affectivity in shift-working nurses. J. Women’s Study 2015, 25, 45–68. [Google Scholar]
- Park, H.S.; Ha, J.H.; Lee, M.H. The relationship among gender-role identity, gender stereotype, job satisfaction and turnover intention of male nurses. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2014, 15, 2962–2970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, J.H.; Seo, M.H.; Lee, M.I. Nursing jobs and gender in our age of convergence: Research on male nurses. J. Digit. Converg. 2016, 14, 287–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M. An exploratory study of masculinity in nursing. J. Korean Clin. Nurs. Res. 2009, 15, 37–46. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, M.K.; Kim, C.G. The relationship among practice environment, organizational justice, and job satisfaction of male nurses. Korean J. Health Edu. Promot. 2016, 24, 177–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, M.A. The relationship between the justice of compensation and the intention of turnover perceived by nurses. J. Korean Acad. Soc. Nurs. Educ. 2008, 14, 195–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, H.M.; Koh, M.H.; Kim, C.M.; Moon, J.; Yi, M. The male nurses’ experiences of adaptation in clinical setting. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2003, 33, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahn, M.K.; Lee, M.H.; Kim, H.K.; Jeong, S.H. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention among male nurses. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. Adm. 2015, 21, 203–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yun, H.J. A study on the adaption process of experienced male nurses. Asia Pac. J. Multimed. Serv. Converg. Art Humanit. Sociol. 2016, 6, 209–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Participant | Age (Years) | Religion | Working Department | Working Period (Years) | Spouse’s Job | Number of Children |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 38 | Catholic | Emergency room | 13 | Nurse | 2 |
2 | 34 | Catholic | Operating room | 9 | Nurse’s aide | 1 |
3 | 33 | Christian | Psychiatric ward | 7 | Official | 0 |
4 | 32 | Buddhism | Operating room | 7 | Nurse | 2 |
5 | 36 | - | Emergency room | 5 | Nurse | 1 |
6 | 37 | Christian | Emergency room | 8 | Nurse | 0 |
7 | 33 | - | Emergency room | 7 | Housewife | 1 |
8 | 30 | Christian | Internal medicine ward | 5 | Nurse | 0 |
9 | 31 | - | outpatient cardiac center | 5 | Nurse | 0 |
Category | Theme Cluster | Theme |
---|---|---|
Limitations and adaptation to work performance | Compliance with the workplace culture | Living in a vertical ward culture Paying your dues |
Being recognized as a member of the organization | Adapting to a traditionally female environment Working smoothly | |
New role burden | Expectations concerning new work Taking initiative | |
Physical exhaustion | Lack of sleep and chronic fatigue Burden of night shifts and a lack of physical fitness | |
Interpersonal difficulties and coping | Strategy and support for survival | Communicating with each other Support of male colleagues Encouragement received from fellow and senior nurses |
Improved patient relationships | Easier clinical practice than ever before Positive perception toward male nurses | |
Facing reality and preparing for the future | Growth limitations | Familial financial burden Lack of role models |
Preparing for a better future | Developing competence through self-reflection Considering changing job roles |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shin, S.-Y.; Lim, E.-J. Clinical Work and Life of Mid-Career Male Nurses: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126224
Shin S-Y, Lim E-J. Clinical Work and Life of Mid-Career Male Nurses: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126224
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Soo-Yong, and Eun-Ju Lim. 2021. "Clinical Work and Life of Mid-Career Male Nurses: A Qualitative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126224