Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Hydration Interventions
3.2. Micronutrient Interventions
3.3. Omega-3-Fatty Acids and Phytochemical-Based Dietary Supplement Interventions
4. Discussion
4.1. Hydration Interventions
4.2. Micronutrient Interventions
4.3. Omega-3-Fatty Acids and Phytochemical-Based Dietary Supplement Interventions
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
4.5. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors, Year (Country) | Study Design | Participants | Menstrual Cycle Reported | Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration | Assessment of Athletic Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rodriguez-Giustiniani and Galloway, 2019 (United Kingdom) [28] | Crossover study | Women (n = 10) Age: 25 ± 7 years | LFP: between days 10 and 13 MLP: between days 18 and 23 | 100% body mass loss volume: 6.4% CHO, 25 mM Na+, 3.5 mM K+ beverage Consumed in four equal phases over 30 min | ↑ Fluid retention in LFP (trivial effect) ∅ Menstrual phase on degree of dehydration, urine volume, net fluid balance, electrolyte balance, urine osmolality, thirst intensity |
Harris et al., 2019 (United States) [29] | Randomized counterbalanced crossover study | Women (n = 8) Age: 21 ± 2 years | Early in cycle | 100% body mass loss volume: Deep-ocean mineral water 59.2 g/L CHO, 450.9 mg/L Na+, 408.3 mg/L Cl−, 126.8 mg/L K+ beverage Spring water Consumed in two phases 30 min apart | Rehydrating with deep-ocean mineral water: ↑ Peak torque ↓ Salivary osmolality |
Chryssanthopoulos et al., 2018 (Greece) [31] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 15) Age: 43 ± 2 years | FP: between days 3 and 10 | 25 mL 6.4% CHO beverage Rinsed in mouth for 5 s prior to exercise and at minute 15, 30, and 45 | ∅ Distance traveled, HR, fluid loss |
Konishi et al., 2017 (Japan) [32] | Single-blind RCT | Women (n = 4) Age: 24 ± 2 years | FP | 25 mL 6.4% maltodextrin solution Rinsed in mouth for 5 s prior to exercise | ↓ Reaction time, RPE plasma E and NE ∅ Executive function accuracy, plasma ACTH |
Gui et al., 2017 (Hong Kong) [33] | Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study | Women (n = 11) Age: 32 ± 7 years | Within 10 days after menses ended | 150 mL 6% CES or 150 mL 4% CHO + 2% PRO CES-P Consumed every 2.5 km for 21 km run | CES: ↓ 21 km time CES-P: ∅ 21 km time CES and CES-P: ∅ USG, RPE, cognitive reaction time |
Sun et al., 2015 (China) [34] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 8) Age: 28 ± 2 years | FP | 3 mL·kg−1 body mass 6% CES Consumed every 20 min until exhaustion | ↑ Exercise time to exhaustion, plasma glucose from 15 min mark ∅ RER, blood glucose, lactate levels, HR, RPE, PTS, PAS |
Miller, 2014 (United States) [30] | Randomized, crossover study | Women (n = 6) Age: 25 ± 2 years | FP | 1 mL·kg−1 body mass pickle juice Bolus of mustard with similar [Na+] to pickle juice Consumed in full in 2.5 min | ∅ Plasma Na+ or K+ concentration, plasma osmolality, plasma volume |
Ramos-Jiménez et al., 2014 (Mexico) [35] | RCT | Women (n = 9) Age: 24 ± 5 years | FP | 100% of body mass loss: Plain water hydration or 324 mmol/L CHO, 19.9 mmol/L Na+, 3.2 mmol/L K+ beverage Consumed every 15 min for 90 min | Both water and CHO-based beverage: ↓ Loss of body mass, body temperature, mean blood pressure, HR ∅ Distance traveled, resistance applied to ergometer |
Logan-Sprenger and Spriet, 2013 (Canada) [36] | Randomized, crossover study | Women (n = 6) Age: 25 ± 1 years | FP | 600 mL of each: Water 40 mM Na+ salt water 3% CES 6% CES Consumed in two phases 15 min apart | Starting in a hypohydrated state, all 4 beverages: ↓ USG ↓ Urine volume |
West et al., 2012 (Australia) [37] | Double-blind placebo-controlled counterbalanced RCT | Women (n = 9) Age: 23 ± 3 years | FP: between days 1 and 5 | 50 mL·kg−1 fat-free mass of sodium phosphate Consumed daily for 6 days with fluid | ∅ VO2peak, running speed, HR |
Ali et al., 2011 (New Zealand) [38] | Randomized, crossover study | Women (n = 10) Age: 26 ± 5 | LP | 3 mL·kg−1 body mass water Consumed every 15 min for 90 min | ↓ Change in body mass, core body temperature, HR, blood lactate concentration, RPE ∅ Sprint performance |
Authors, Year (Country) | Study Design | Participants | Menstrual Cycle Reported | Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration | Assessment of Athletic Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haakonssen et al., 2015 (Japan) [39] | Randomized counterbalanced crossover study | Women (n = 32) Age: 24 ± 4 years | LP or FP | Pre-exercise meal with 1352 ± 53 mg calcium Consumed 2 h before exercise | ↓ Exercise-induced bone resorption markers, hematocrit percentage ∅ Sweat calcium levels, 10 min time trial |
Dellavalle and Haas, 2013 (United States) [40] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 31) Age: 20 ± 1 years | Menstrual status quantified daily | 50 mg iron sulfate Consumed twice per day for 6 weeks | ↑ Gross efficiency, absolute VO2peak, maximal work rate ↓ Energy expenditure, maximal blood lactate concentration ∅ Endurance time trial, relative VO2peak, HR maximum, RER |
Authors, Year (Country) | Study Design | Participants | Menstrual Cycle Reported | Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration | Assessment of Athletic Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hiles et al., 2020 (United Kingdom) [42] | Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study | Women (n = 6) Age: 21 ± 2 years | MLP | 300 mg New Zealand BC extract Consumed twice daily for 7 days | ↑ Fat oxidation ↓ RER, CHO oxidation ∅ HR, VO2, VCO2; rectal, skin, body temperature; whole body sweat rate |
Lara et al., 2020 (Spain) [43] | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover RCT | Women (n = 13) Age: 31 ± 6 years | EFP, preovulatory phase, MLP | 3 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine Consumed 60 min prior to exercise | In EFP, preovulatory phase, MLP: ↑ 15 s Wingate peak power |
Romero-Moraleda et al., 2019 (Spain) [44] | Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover RCT | Women (n = 13) Age: 31 ± 6 years | EFP LFP MLP | 3 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine Consumed 45 min prior to exercise | In EFP and LFP: ↑ Peak velocity at 60% 1-RM |
Brown et al., 2019 (United Kingdom) [45] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 20) Age: 19 ± 1 years | ELP to MLP or 14 days before withdrawal bleed | 30 mL Montmorency cherry concentrate Consumed twice daily for 8 days | ↑ Pain pressure threshold at rectus femoris, CMJ muscle recovery ↓ Rating of muscle soreness ∅ Hamstring stiffness and flexibility, maximum voluntary isometric contraction, 30 m sprint time, repeated sprint time, RPE |
McKinley-Barnard et al., 2018 (United States) [41] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 22) Age: 21 ± 1 years | MFP: day 6 MLP: day 21 | 2.4 g EPA and 1.8 g DHA (FO) Consumed daily for 21 days | FO: ↑ Perceived muscle soreness, serum estradiol FO during MFP: ↓ Serum myoglobin FO and cycle phase: ∅ Muscular strength Cycle phase: ∅ Perceived muscle soreness |
Gutierrez-Hellin and Del Coso, 2018 (Spain) [46] | Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT | Women (n = 2) Age: 25 ± 7 years | LP | 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine 3 mg·kg−1 p-synephrine Consumed 60 min prior to exercise | Caffeine: ↑ Fat oxidation at 30–70% VO2max Caffeine + p-synephrine: ↑ Fat oxidation at 40% and 70% VO2max Caffeine: ↑ Muscle power and endurance perception Caffeine: ↓ CHO oxidation at 70% VO2max Caffeine: ↓ Perceived exertion p-synephrine: ↓ CHO oxidation at 60% VO2max ∅ Energy expenditure |
Strauss et al., 2018 (United Kingdom) [47] | Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study | Women (n = 16) Age: 28 ± 8 years | FP: between days 9 and 11 | 600 mg·day−1 New Zealand BC extract Consumed daily for 7 days | ↑ Fat oxidation ↓ CHO oxidation ∅ HR, VO2, VCO2 |
Buck et al., June 2015 (Australia) [49] | Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind Latin-square design | Women (n = 13) Age: 26 ± 2 years | FP | 50 mg·L−1 SP Consumed daily for 6 days 70 mL concentrated BJ Consumed 3 h prior to exercise | SP: ↓ Set 1, 2, overall total sprint time, best sprint time SP + BJ: ↓ Set 2 total sprint time vs. placebo BJ: ∅ total sprint time, best sprint time ∅ HR, RPE, blood lactate |
Buck et al., March 2015 (Australia) [48] | Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind Latin-square design | Women (n = 12) Age: 26 ± 2 years | FP | 50 mg·L−1 SP Consumed daily for 6 days 6 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine Consumed 1 h prior to exercise | SP + Caffeine: ↓ Set 1, 2, 3, and overall total sprint time vs. placebo SP + Caffeine: ↓ Set 3 and overall total sprint time vs. Caffeine and vs. SP SP: ↓ Set 1 and 3 total sprint time vs. placebo SP + Caffeine: ↓ Best sprint time ∅ HR, RPE |
Braakhuis et al., 2014 (Australia) [50] | Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study | Women (n = 23) Age: 31 ± 8 years | Cycle recorded over 3 weeks | 0.5 L VC juice or BC juice Consumed daily for 21 days | VC: ↓ Training speed VC and BC: ↑ Running times BC: ↓ 5 km time trial in fast runners |
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Helm, M.M.; McGinnis, G.R.; Basu, A. Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294
Helm MM, McGinnis GR, Basu A. Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelm, Macy M., Graham R. McGinnis, and Arpita Basu. 2021. "Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294