Identifying Patterns of Symptom Distress in Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants and Setting
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measurements
2.5. Data Analyses
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Patterns and Trends in Pregnancy-Induced Symptom Distress
3.3. The Distribution of Pregnancy-Related Symptom Distress Scores
3.4. Levels of Distress for Individual Symptoms Across the Patterns
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % |
Education level | ||
Junior high school or below | 8 | 8.4 |
College or university or above | 87 | 91.6 |
Family income | ||
NT < 60,000 | 25 | 26.3 |
NT 60,000–100,000 | 54 | 56.9 |
NT > 100,000 | 16 | 16.8 |
Occupation | ||
Unemployed | 13 | 13.7 |
Employed | 82 | 86.3 |
Parity | ||
Nulliparous | 52 | 54.7 |
Multiparous | 43 | 45.3 |
Abortion history | ||
Yes | 11 | 11.6 |
No | 84 | 88.4 |
Prepregnancy BMI | ||
Underweight (<18.5) | 9 | 9.5 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 82 | 86.3 |
Overweight or obese (>25) | 4 | 4.2 |
Variables | Mean | SD |
Age | 32.24 | 3.99 |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 9.11 | 4.22 |
Decreased then Increased (n = 54) a | Increased then Decreased (n = 10) b | Continuously Increased (n = 27) c | Continuously Decreased (n = 4) d | F | p | Post Hoc Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||||
Total | 51.03(3.52) | 63.35(7.63) | 66.20(4.92) | 79.41(12.83) | 3.33 * | 0.023 | a < c a < d |
Physical | 41.42(2.65) | 48.67(5.72) | 53.37(3.69) | 61.10(9.64) | 3.20 * | 0.027 | a < c |
Psychological | 9.56(1.06) | 14.68(2.29) | 12.85(1.48) | 18.22(2.85) | 3.039 * | 0.033 | a < b a < d |
Total average 1 | 2.32(0.16) | 2.88(0.35) | 3.02(0.22) | 3.61(0.58) | 3.313 * | 0.024 | a < c a < d |
Turning point (weeks) | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Total | 22.02 | 26.77 | |||||
Physical | 21.01 | 26.69 | |||||
Psychological | 22.34 | 23.99 |
Decreased then Increased (n = 54) a | Increased then Decreased (n = 10) b | Continuously Increased (n = 27) c | Continuously Decreased (n = 4) d | F | p | Post Hoc Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||||
| 4.06 (0.24) | 4.59 (0.50) | 5.22 (0.33) | 6.23 (0.86) | 4.14 ** | 0.008 | a < c; a < d |
| 3.84 (0.21) | 4.26 (0.44) | 4.76 (0.29) | 4.32 (0.75) | 2.26 | 0.086 | |
| 3.45 (0.26) | 4.39 (0.56) | 4.24 (0.37) | 5.51 (0.96) | 2.44 | 0.07 | |
| 3.38 (0.25) | 2.87 (0.54) | 4.04 (0.35) | 4.63 (0.93) | 1.78 | 0.16 | |
| 3.19 (0.32) | 3.04 (0.68) | 4.3 (0.44) | 2.97 (1.15) | 1.63 | 0.19 | |
| 2.70 (0.16) | 3.13 (0.56) | 3.67 (0.37) | 4.07 (0.95) | 1.91 | 0.13 | |
| 2.54 (0.26) | 3.58 (0.55) | 3.99 (0.36) | 5.42 (0.94) | 5.78 ** | 0.001 | a < c; a < d |
| 2.47 (0.24) | 3.57 (0.51) | 2.82 (0.33) | 3.49 (0.87) | 1.58 | 0.20 | |
| 2.28 (0.24) | 1.70 (0.50) | 2.38 (0.33) | 3.06 (0.87) | 0.74 | 0.53 | |
| 2.10 (0.22) | 2.34 (0.48) | 2.57 (0.31) | 2.41 (0.81) | 0.53 | 0.67 | |
| 1.85 (0.22) | 2.86 (0.46) | 2.76 (0.30) | 3.45 (0.79) | 3.45 * | 0.02 | a < b; a < c |
| 1.84 (0.20) | 2.78 (0.43) | 2.40 (0.28) | 3.15 (0.74) | 2.36 | 0.077 | |
| 1.66 (0.22) | 3.16 (0.47) | 2.17 (0.31) | 2.88 (0.81) | 3.29 * | 0.025 | a < b |
| 1.66 (0.21) | 1.47 (0.44) | 1.67 (0.29) | 2.50 (0.75) | 0.48 | 0.70 | |
| 1.64(0.24) | 2.39(0.50) | 2.72(0.33) | 2.53(0.86) | 2.61 | 0.06 | |
| 1.46(0.24) | .98(0.51) | 2.06(0.33) | 1.63(0.87) | 1.23 | 0.30 | |
| 1.14(0.18) | 1.67(0.39) | 1.83(0.26) | 2.57(0.67) | 2.73 * | 0.049 | a < c; a < d |
| 2.36(0.26) | 3.07(0.56) | 3.20(0.36) | 4.65(0.94) | 2.71 | 0.05 | |
| 1.91(0.23) | 3.14(0.49) | 2.55(0.32) | 3.97(0.82) | 3.56 * | 0.017 | a < b; a < d |
| 2.14(0.23) | 3.09(0.50) | 2.92(0.32) | 4.33(0.85) | 3.34 * | 0.023 | a < d |
| 1.64(0.20) | 2.78(0.44) | 2.24(0.29) | 3.01(0.74) | 3.03 * | 0.034 | a < b |
| 1.49(0.20) | 2.58(0.42) | 1.95(0.27) | 2.16(0.72) | 2.12 | 0.10 |
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Lee, C.-F.; Wen, F.-H.; Hsiung, Y.; Huang, J.-P.; Chang, C.-W.; Chen, H.-H. Identifying Patterns of Symptom Distress in Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126333
Lee C-F, Wen F-H, Hsiung Y, Huang J-P, Chang C-W, Chen H-H. Identifying Patterns of Symptom Distress in Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126333
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ching-Fang, Fur-Hsing Wen, Yvonne Hsiung, Jian-Pei Huang, Chun-Wei Chang, and Hung-Hui Chen. 2021. "Identifying Patterns of Symptom Distress in Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126333