Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors in Out-of-School Youth: Based on an Ecological Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design
3.2. Study Participants
3.3. Study Instruments
3.4. Intrapersonal Factor
Self-Control
3.5. Interpersonal Factors
3.5.1. Parental Attachment
3.5.2. Social Network
Social Network Traits
Social Support
The Involvement of Smokers in Social Networks
3.6. Community Factor
Exposure to Smoking Cessation Policy
3.7. Data Collection
3.8. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Differences in Smoking Behaviors Based on Demographic Characteristics
4.2. Smoking Behaviors Based on Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Community Factors
4.3. Correlations among Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Community Factors
4.4. Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 297) | Smoker (n = 187) | Non-Smoker (n = 110) | χ2 or t | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % | n | % | |||||
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||
Age | 16.39 ± 1.41 | 16.01 ± 1.50 | 17.05 ± 0.90 | −6.59 | <0.001 | ||||
Gender | Men | 220 | 134 | 74.1 | 86 | 71.7 | 78.2 | 1.54 | 0.215 |
Women | 77 | 53 | 25.9 | 24 | 28.3 | 21.8 | |||
Discontinuation of school | Middle school | 160 | 113 | 53.9 | 47 | 60.4 | 42.7 | 8.73 | 0.003 |
High school | 137 | 74 | 46.1 | 63 | 39.6 | 57.3 | |||
Period after discontinuation | 1.72 ± 1.26 | 1.54 ± 1.39 | 2.04 ± 0.93 | −3.69 | <0.001 | ||||
<1 year | 62 | 54 | 20.9 | 8 | 28.9 | 7.3 | 19.57 | <0.001 | |
≥1 year | 235 | 133 | 79.1 | 102 | 71.1 | 92.7 | |||
Reasons for discontinuation (multiple responses) | Difficulty in studying | 147 | 87 | 49.5 | 60 | 46.5 | 54.5 | 1.78 | 0.182 |
Lack of study needs | 130 | 89 | 43.8 | 41 | 47.6 | 37.3 | 3.00 | 0.083 | |
Violation of school regulations | 66 | 45 | 22.2 | 21 | 24.1 | 19.1 | 0.99 | 0.319 | |
Economic status of family | 38 | 33 | 12.8 | 5 | 17.6 | 4.5 | 10.66 | 0.001 | |
Out-of-school friends’ interaction | 67 | 59 | 22.6 | 8 | 31.6 | 7.3 | 23.37 | <0.001 | |
Conflict with parents | 59 | 50 | 19.9 | 9 | 26.7 | 8.2 | 14.98 | <0.001 | |
Other | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.59 | 0.442 | |
School achievement | High, Medium | 131 | 60 | 44.1 | 71 | 32.1 | 64.5 | 29.60 | <0.001 |
Low | 166 | 127 | 55.9 | 39 | 67.9 | 35.5 | |||
Residing with (multiple responses) | Parents | 290 | 181 | 97.6 | 109 | 96.8 | 99.1 | 1.59 | 0.207 |
Grandparents | 57 | 34 | 19.2 | 23 | 18.2 | 20.9 | 0.33 | 0.564 | |
Sister, Brother | 232 | 148 | 78.1 | 84 | 79.1 | 76.4 | 0.31 | 0.576 | |
Allowance (10,000 won) | 5.47 ± 3.09 | 5.37 ± 2.84 | 5.64 ± 3.48 | −0.67 | 0.504 | ||||
<5 | 180 | 117 | 60.6 | 63 | 62.6 | 57.3 | 0.81 | 0.367 | |
≥5 | 117 | 70 | 39.4 | 47 | 37.4 | 42.7 | |||
Age at which smoking was started(age) | 14.27 ± 1.61 | ||||||||
10–12 | 29 | 29 | 15.5 | 15.5 | |||||
13–15 | 112 | 112 | 59.9 | 59.9 | |||||
16–18 | 46 | 46 | 24.6 | 24.6 | |||||
Number of years of smoking | 1.67 ± 1.20 | ||||||||
<1 | 53 | 53 | 28.3 | 28.3 | |||||
1–2 | 42 | 42 | 22.5 | 22.5 | |||||
2–3 | 54 | 54 | 28.9 | 28.9 | |||||
≥3 | 38 | 38 | 20.3 | 20.3 | |||||
Daily smoking quantity (number of cigarettes) | 7.51 ± 5.71 | ||||||||
<5 | 50 | 50 | 26.7 | 26.7 | |||||
5–9 | 81 | 81 | 43.3 | 43.3 | |||||
≥10 | 56 | 56 | 29.9 | 29.9 | |||||
Number of smoking days in 1 month | 19.82 ± 11.71 | ||||||||
1–2 | 25 | 25 | 13.4 | 13.4 | |||||
3–5 | 19 | 19 | 10.2 | 10.2 | |||||
6–9 | 13 | 13 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |||||
10–19 | 19 | 19 | 10.2 | 10.2 | |||||
20–29 | 20 | 20 | 10.7 | 10.7 | |||||
daily | 91 | 91 | 48.7 | 48.7 |
Variable | Total (n = 297) | Smoker (n = 187) | Non-Smoker (n = 110) | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | |||
Intrapersonal Factors | ||||||
Self-control | 20–100 | 57.96 ± 10.94 | 52.23 ± 7.58 | 67.69 ± 8.68 | −16.08 | <0.001 |
Interpersonal Factors | ||||||
Parental attachment | 29–125 | 73.77 ± 13.51 | 67.29 ± 9.12 | 84.80 ± 12.62 | −12.73 | <0.001 |
Social network | ||||||
Size | 1–10 | 2.09 ± 1.62 | 1.94 ± 0.95 | 2.35 ± 2.34 | −1.74 | 0.087 |
Friends (%) | 0–100 | 82.24 ± 33.91 | 89.39 ± 26.39 | 70.08 ± 41.20 | 4.42 | <0.001 |
Average contact frequency (day) | 0–10 | 1.77 ± 1.53 | 1.99 ± 1.46 | 1.41 ± 1.57 | 3.30 | 0.002 |
Social support | ||||||
Average general social support | 1–5 | 3.93 ± 0.80 | 3.85 ± 0.83 | 4.09 ± 0.72 | −2.64 | 0.009 |
Social support frequency | 5–50 | 7.08 ± 6.35 | 7.78 ± 6.12 | 5.89 ± 6.58 | 2.50 | 0.013 |
Smoking support | 1–50 | 5.29 ± 3.97 | 6.56 ± 3.60 | 3.14 ± 3.62 | 7.90 | <0.001 |
No smoking support | 1–50 | 7.05 ± 8.05 | 4.78 ± 3.58 | 10.91 ± 11.40 | −5.49 | <0.001 |
Quality of ties | 5–35 | 7.21 ± 6.17 | 8.04 ± 5.97 | 5.78 ± 6.27 | 3.09 | 0.002 |
Smoking involvement | ||||||
Social network smokers (%) | 0–100 | 62.34 ± 45.15 | 89.57 ± 24.43 | 16.04 ± 32.88 | 20.38 | <0.001 |
Friend smokers (%) | 0–100 | 54.63 ± 47.20 | 82.89 ± 32.03 | 6.58 ± 24.52 | 23.06 | <0.001 |
Family smokers (%) | 0–100 | 7.49 ± 22.99 | 6.68 ± 22.96 | 8.87 ± 23.08 | −0.79 | 0.429 |
Social network smokers’ involvement | 0–200 | 7.47 ± 15.31 | 10.27 ± 11.65 | 2.72 ± 19.20 | 4.22 | <0.001 |
Community Factors | ||||||
Exposure to non-smoking policy | 7–35 | 23.28 ± 3.91 | 23.75 ± 3.53 | 22.49 ± 4.40 | 2.70 | 0.007 |
Variable | Self-Control | Parental Attachment | Friend Rate (%) | Average Contact Frequency (days) | Average Social General Support | Social Support Frequency | Smoking Support | No-Smoking Support | Quality of Ties | Social Network Smokers (%) | Friend Smokers | Social Network Smokers’ Involvement | Non-Smoking Policy Exposure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrapersonal | Self-control | 1 | ||||||||||||
Interpersonal | Parental attachment | 0.604 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
Friend rate (%) | −0.214 ** | −0.294 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
Average contact frequency (day) | −0.199 ** | −0.068 | 0.139 * | 1 | ||||||||||
Average social general support | 0.072 | 0.208 ** | 0.072 | 0.075 | 1 | |||||||||
Social support frequency | −0.197 ** | −0.025 | 0.141 * | 0.959 ** | 0.298 ** | 1 | ||||||||
Smoking support | −0.363 ** | −0.231 ** | 0.131 * | 0.061 | 0.158 ** | 0.105 | 1 | |||||||
No-smoking support | 0.316** | 0.353** | −0.251** | −0.113 | 0.139* | −0.079 | 0.261* | 1 | ||||||
Quality of ties | −0.248 ** | −0.066 | 0.142 * | 0.968 ** | 0.167 ** | 0.962 ** | 0.108 | −0.123 * | 1 | |||||
Social network smokers (%) | −0.572 ** | −0.497 ** | 0.193 ** | 0.194 ** | −0.049 | 0.184 ** | 0.391 ** | −0.371 ** | 0.196 ** | 1 | ||||
Friend smokers | −0.583 ** | −0.533 ** | 0.521 ** | 0.218 ** | −0.011 | 0.218 ** | 0.449 * | −0.380 ** | 0.235 ** | 0.871 ** | 1 | |||
Social network smokers’ involvement | −0.119 * | −0.086 | 0.046 | 0.577 ** | 0.079 | 0.583 ** | 0.449 * | −0.133 * | 0.503 ** | 0.384 ** | 0.305 ** | 1 | ||
Community | Exposure to non-smoking policy | −0.062 | −0.113 | 0.033 | −0.135 * | 0.079 | −0.130 * | 0.222 ** | 0.150 ** | −0.114 * | 0.169 ** | 0.182 ** | −0.146 * | 1 |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||||
LLCI | ULCI | LLCI | ULCI | LLCI | ULCI | LLCI | ULCI | ||||||||||
General | age | 0.545 | 0.430 | 0.692 | <0.001 | 0.566 | 0.383 | 0.837 | 0.004 | 0.867 | 0.480 | 1.567 | 0.636 | 0.850 | 0.459 | 1.573 | 0.604 |
Discontinuation of school (period) (1 year more, ref = 1 year or less) | 0.147 | 0.063 | 0.343 | <0.001 | 0.088 | 0.029 | 0.273 | <0.001 | 0.143 | 0.030 | 0.672 | 0.014 | 0.147 | 0.030 | 0.709 | 0.017 | |
School achievement (Low, ref = High, Medium) | 3.757 | 2.148 | 6.572 | <0.001 | 1.236 | 0.557 | 2.738 | 0.603 | 1.585 | 0.491 | 5.119 | .441 | 1.597 | 0.494 | 5.166 | 0.434 | |
Intrapersonal | Self-control | 0.774 | 0.726 | 0.825 | <0.001 | 0.852 | 0.782 | 0.927 | <0.001 | 0.851 | 0.782 | 0.927 | <0.001 | ||||
Interpersonal | Parental attachment | 0.924 | 0.861 | 0.992 | 0.030 | 0.927 | 0.861 | 0.998 | 0.043 | ||||||||
Average social general support | 0.662 | 0.291 | 1.508 | 0.326 | 0.655 | 0.286 | 1.499 | 0.317 | |||||||||
Smoking support | 1.029 | 0.879 | 1.203 | 0.725 | 1.026 | 0.877 | 1.201 | 0.748 | |||||||||
Friend smokers | 1.037 | 1.023 | 1.051 | <0.001 | 1.037 | 1.022 | 1.051 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Social network smoker’s involvement | 1.030 | 0.997 | 1.064 | 0.075 | 1.031 | 0.997 | 1.066 | 0.079 | |||||||||
Community | Non-smoking policy exposure | 1.019 | 0.870 | 1.194 | 0.817 | ||||||||||||
χ2 = 85.83, df = 3, (p < 0.001) Nagelkerke R2 = 0.344 | χ2 = 222.89, df = 4, (p < 0.001) Nagelkerke R2 = 0.723 | χ2 = 297.12, df = 9, (p < 0.001) Nagelkerke R2 = 0.863 | χ2 = 297.17, df = 10, (p < 0.001) Nagelkerke R2 = 0.863 |
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Song, H.-Y.; Yang, S.-J. Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors in Out-of-School Youth: Based on an Ecological Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126380
Song H-Y, Yang S-J. Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors in Out-of-School Youth: Based on an Ecological Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126380
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Hye-Young, and Sook-Ja Yang. 2021. "Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors in Out-of-School Youth: Based on an Ecological Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126380