Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Validation of the Questionnaire
3.2. Assessment of the Attitude toward Green Space
3.2.1. Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics
3.2.2. Multiple Regression
4. Discussion
Limits and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attitude Components | Items | Loading Value | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|
Cognitive component | I prefer to do outdoor physical activity | 0.965 | |
Green space in cities is important | 0.898 | ||
Nature parks improve quality of life | 0.897 | 0.929 | |
Contact with nature is important for well-being | 0.893 | ||
It is important to have convenient nature parks in cities | 0.910 | ||
Behavioural component | Nature parks are boring | 0.793 | |
Humans have the right to modify nature to suit our needs | 0.623 | ||
The time spent in an urban nature park relaxes you | 0.592 | ||
Tax dollars should be spent on nature parks | 0.637 | 0.704 | |
Nature parks in the cities provide valuable contacts with nature | 0.583 | ||
Affective components | I expect to feel refreshed after visiting a nature park | 0.750 | |
I enjoy talking with neighbours at local nature park | 0.748 | ||
I learn about local environmental issue from friends/family | 0.787 | 0.761 | |
I like the structure of the park you use | 0.657 | ||
I can count on family and friends for help | 0.710 |
Emilia-Romagna | Veneto | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Male | Female | Male | Female | χ2 | p |
Age | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | 32.59 | <0.001 |
18–31 | 13 (22.4%) | 18 (16.5%) | 13 (22.0%) | 23 (27.4%) | ||
31–40 | 9 (15.5%) | 17 (15.6%) | 14 (23.7%) | 11 (13.1%) | ||
41–50 | 6 (10.3%) | 10 (9.2%) | 12 (20.3%) | 21 (25.0%) | ||
51–60 | 12 (20.7%) | 30 (27.5%) | 14 (23.7%) | 24 (28.6%) | ||
61–70 | 12 (20.7%) | 25 (22.9%) | 5 (8.5%) | 5 (6.0%) | ||
Over 70 | 6 (10.3%) | 9 (8.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | |||
Education Level | 32.32 | <0.001 | ||||
Below high school | 6 (10.3%) | 15 (13.8%) | 3 (5.1%) | 3 (3.6%) | ||
High school | 9 (15.5%) | 35 (32.1%) | 27 (45.8%) | 41 (48.8%) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 6 (10.3%) | 8 (7.3%) | 9 (15.3%) | 14 (16.7%) | ||
Master’s degree | 24 (41.4%) | 41 (37.6%) | 19 (32.2%) | 23 (27.4%) | ||
Doctorate | 13 (22.4%) | 10 (9.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | 3 (3.6%) | ||
Marital status | 10.16 | <0.05 | ||||
Single | 18 (31.0%) | 34 (31.2%) | 11 (18.6%) | 24 (28.6%) | ||
Engaged | 3 (5.2%) | 7 (6.4%) | 6 (10.2%) | 12 (14.3%) | ||
Cohabiting | 6 (10.3%) | 9 (8.3%) | 6 (10.2%) | 12 (14.3%) | ||
Married | 29 (50.0%) | 56 (51.4%) | 36 (61.0%) | 36 (42.9%) | ||
Widower | 1 (1.7%) | 4 (3.7%) | ||||
Distance from park | 8.26 | <0.05 | ||||
Less than 300 m | 44 (17.2%) | 81 (29.4%) | 40 (32.2%) | 48 (42.9%) | ||
More than 300 m | 10 (82.8%) | 32 (70.6%) | 19 (67.8%) | 36 (57.1%) | ||
Use of the park | 0.07 | 0.70 | ||||
Users | 41 (74.1%) | 71 (63.3%) | 39 (66.1%) | 55 (65.5%) | ||
Non-users | 13 (25.9%) | 42 (36.7%) | 20 (33.9%) | 29 (34.5%) |
18–30 Years | 31–40 Years | 41–50 Years | 51–60 Years | 61–70 Years | Over 70 Years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Sexes | Age | Sexes*Age | ||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
I prefer to do outdoor physical activity | 3.84 (1.21) | 3.56 (1.36) | 3.70 (1.33) | 3.82 (1.42) | 4.56 (0.78) | 3.39 (1.45) | 4.31 (0.97) | 3.89 (1.25) | 4.35 (1.00) | 4.11 (1.40) | 4.86 (0.38) | 4.50 (0.53) | 6.30 | <0.05 | 2.45 | <0.05 | 2.38 | <0.05 |
Green space in cities is important | 4.44 (0.82) | 4.29 (0.96) | 3.87 (1.25) | 4.64 (0.78) | 4.72 (0.57) | 3.68 (1.30) | 4.58 (0.81) | 4.38 (0.84) | 4.65 (0.61) | 4.44 (0.89) | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.75 (0.46) | 1.81 | 0.18 | 2.39 | <0.05 | 3.54 | <0.05 |
Nature parks improve quality of life | 4.16 (0.99) | 4.10 (0.97) | 4.09 (1.28) | 4.82 (0.55) | 4.89 (0.32) | 3.74 (1.15) | 4.42 (0.86) | 4.32 (0.92) | 4.76 (0.56) | 4.48 (0.89) | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.88 (0.35) | 1.86 | 0.17 | 3.32 | 0.06 | 4.20 | <0.05 |
Contact with nature is important for well-being | 4.40 (0.76) | 4.37 (0.89) | 4.00 (1.24) | 4.79 (0.57) | 4.78 (0.55) | 4.00 (1.06) | 4.50 (0.86) | 4.39 (0.93) | 4.76 (0.56) | 4.44 (0.89) | 4.86 (0.38) | 4.75 (0.46) | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1.20 | 0.31 | 2.47 | <0.05 |
It is important to have convenient nature parks in cities | 4.32 (0.85) | 4.29 (0.87) | 4.13 (1.25) | 4.80 (0.57) | 4.83 (0.71) | 4.00 (1.07) | 4.35 (0.89) | 4.41 (0.91) | 4.76 (0.56) | 4.48 (0.89) | 4.71 (0.49) | 4.88 (0.35) | 0.25 | 0.61 | 1.33 | 0.25 | 2.33 | <0.05 |
Nature parks are boring | 1.96 (0.98) | 1.71 (1.25) | 1.26 (0.45) | 1.14 (0.45) | 1.28 (0.46) | 1.48 (0.96) | 1.38 (0.57) | 1.55 (1.06) | 1.35 (0.70) | 1.11 (0.42) | 1.86 (1.57) | 1.75 (1.49) | 0.11 | 0.74 | 4.12 | <0.05 | 2.18 | <0.05 |
Humans have the right to modify nature to suit our needs | 2.12 (0.88) | 1.95 (1.05) | 1.70 (0.76) | 1.68 (0.82) | 1.83 (1.10) | 1.71 (0.78) | 1.85 (1.05) | 1.66 (1.05) | 2.00 (1.32) | 1.70 (0.91) | 2.14 (1.46) | 2.50 (1.69) | 1.43 | 0.23 | 1.66 | 0.15 | 0.99 | 0.45 |
The time spent in an urban nature park relaxes you | 4.00 (1.08) | 3.88 (1.05) | 3.65 (1.23) | 4.50 (0.92) | 4.33 (0.77) | 3.77 (1.09) | 3.62 (1.30) | 4.20 (1.02) | 4.24 (0.75) | 4.19 (1.11) | 4.29 (0.76) | 4.75 (0.46) | 0.55 | 0.46 | 1.20 | 0.31 | 2.22 | <0.05 |
Tax dollars should be spent on nature parks | 4.32 (3.76) | 4.39 (0.83) | 4.09 (1.24) | 4.79 (0.57) | 4.94 (0.24) | 4.00 (1.13) | 4.38 (0.85) | 4.39 (0.85) | 4.76 (0.56) | 4.33 (1.11) | 4.86 (0.38) | 4.88 (0.35) | 1.79 | 0.18 | 1.01 | 0.41 | 2.64 | <0.05 |
Nature parks in the cities provide valuable contacts with nature | 3.76 (1.09) | 3.80 (1.12) | 3.61 (1.20) | 4.25 (1.00) | 4.22 (1.11) | 3.74 (1.09) | 4.04 (0.96) | 4.18 (1.05) | 4.12 (0.93) | 4.33 (0.92) | 3.86 (1.07) | 4.63 (0.52) | 2.25 | 0.13 | 1.70 | 0.13 | 1.71 | 0.07 |
I expect to feel refreshed after visiting a nature park | 3.76 (1.09) | 3.73 (1.03) | 3.35 (1.15) | 4.18 (1.09) | 4.22 (1.11) | 3.58 (1.09) | 3.58 (1.24) | 4.20 (1.05) | 4.18 (0.81) | 4.11 (1.05) | 4.14 (1.07) | 4.63 (0.52) | 2.70 | 0.10 | 1.19 | 0.09 | 2.24 | <0.05 |
I enjoy talking with neighbours at local nature park | 2.28 (1.14) | 2.29 (1.23) | 3.61 (1.22) | 4.25 (1.00) | 4.11 (1.08) | 3.76 (1.09) | 4.04 (0.96) | 4.09 (1.03) | 4.14 (0.81) | 4.35 (0.94) | 3.86 (1.05) | 4.75 (0.46) | 0.84 | 0.36 | 2.24 | 0.06 | 2.36 | <0.05 |
I learn about local environmental issue from friends/family | 2.36 (1.25) | 3.80 (1.12) | 2.35 (1.19) | 2.57 (1.23) | 3.11 (1.13) | 2.74 (1.32) | 2.38 (1.24) | 2.70 (1.43) | 2.59 (0.80) | 2.85 (1.46) | 2.86 (1.68) | 3.50 (1.07) | 7.83 | <0.05 | 2.25 | <0.05 | 1.37 | 0.18 |
I like the structure of the park I use | 3.16 (0.90) | 2.61 (1.38) | 2.74 (1.05) | 3.25 (1.08) | 3.11 (1.23) | 2.90 (1.14) | 3.31 (1.19) | 3.50 (1.21) | 3.76 (1.25) | 3.56 (1.37) | 3.86 (1.21) | 3.88 (1.55) | 0.02 | 0.88 | 4.83 | <0.05 | 2.41 | <0.05 |
I can count on family and friends for help | 2.28 (1.14) | 1.73 (1.05) | 2.30 (1.49) | 2.14 (1.51) | 2.44 (1.10) | 1.58 (0.81) | 2.54 (1.17) | 1.95 (1.21) | 2.35 (1.00) | 2.56 (1.45) | 2.57 (1.72) | 3.25 (1.58) | 2.69 | 0.37 | 1.38 | 0.10 | 1.21 | 0.28 |
Total score of cognitive | 21.16 (4.10) | 20.61 (4.29) | 19.78 (5.83) | 22.86 (3.23) | 23.78 (1.96) | 18.81 (5.44) | 22.15 (3.78) | 21.39 (4.50) | 23.29 (2.69) | 21.96 (4.85) | 24.43 (1.13) | 23.75 (1.67) | 2.34 | 0.13 | 2.30 | <0.05 | 3.28 | <0.05 |
Total score of behavioural | 16.16 (2.91) | 15.73 (3.35) | 14.30 (3.71) | 16.36 (2.53) | 16.61 (2.03) | 14.71 (3.40) | 15.27 (3.38) | 15.98 (3.25) | 16.47 (2.55) | 15.67 (2.94) | 17.00 (3.87) | 18.50 (2.33) | 0.07 | 0.80 | 1.57 | 0.16 | 1.85 | <0.05 |
Total score of affective | 15.32 (3.65) | 14.17 (3.88) | 14.35 (4.84) | 16.39 (3.45) | 17.00 (3.99) | 14.55 (4.13) | 15.85 (4.51) | 16.41 (4.61) | 17.00 (2.35) | 17.41 (5.15) | 17.29 (5.28) | 20.00 (2.73) | 0.20 | 0.66 | 3.52 | <0.05 | 2.72 | <0.05 |
Emilia-Romagna | Veneto | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–30 Years | 31–40 Years | 41–50 Years | 51–60 Years | 61–70 Years | Over 70 Years | 18–30 Years | 31–40 Years | 41–50 Years | 51–60 Years | 61–70 Years | ||||||||||||
M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | |
I prefer to do outdoor physical activity | 3.25 (1.66) | 3.21 (1.55) | 4.10 (1.60) | 3.56 (1.54) | 3.86 (1.86) | 2.82 (1.94) | 3.92 (1.44) | 3.76 (1.41) | 4.00 (1.58) | 4.50 (1.21) | 4.83 (0.41) | 4.44 (1.49) | 3.79 (1.53) | 3.54 (1.53) | 2.93 (1.53) | 3.69 (1.93) | 4.29 (1.51) | 3.43 (1.47) | 4.07 (0.53) | 3.76 (1.45) | 3.67 (1.97) | 2.00 (2.00) |
Green space in cities is important | 3.67 (1.50) | 4.16 (1.34) | 4.10 (1.66) | 4.28 (1.41) | 4.00 (1.83) | 3.27 (1.90) | 4.15 (1.52) | 4.36 (1.08) | 4.23 (1.42) | 4.65 (1.16) | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.67 (1.55) | 4.43 (1.34) | 4.04 (1.30) | 3.20 (1.52) | 4.46 (1.44) | 4.43 (1.49) | 3.61 (1.37) | 4.33 (1.40) | 4.04 (1.24) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.17 (1.83) |
Nature parks improve quality of life | 3.42 (1.56) | 4.05 (1.22) | 4.20 (1.62) | 4.50 (1.29) | 4.00 (1.83) | 3.64 (1.57) | 3.85 (1.46) | 4.33 (1.14) | 4.38 (1.45) | 4.69 (1.16) | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.78 (1.57) | 4.14 (1.35) | 3.79 (1.35) | 3.47 (1.68) | 4.54 (1.45) | 4.64 (1.46) | 3.52 (1.41) | 4.13 (0.41) | 3.96 (1.27) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.17 (1.83) |
Contact with nature is important for well-being | 3.75 (1.48) | 4.26 (1.28) | 4.20 (1.62) | 4.44 (1.29) | 3.86 (1.86) | 4.18 (1.60) | 4.00 (1.53) | 4.33 (1.22) | 4.38 (1.45) | 4.69 (1.16) | 4.83 (0.41) | 4.67 (1.55) | 4.29 (1.33) | 4.08 (1.28) | 3.33 (1.59) | 4.54 (1.45) | 4.57 (0.36) | 3.61 (1.30) | 4.33 (0.40) | 4.12 (1.24) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.15 (1.83) |
It is important to have convenient nature parks in cities | 3.75 (1.48) | 4.21 (1.27) | 4.40 (1.58) | 4.44 (1.29) | 3.86 (2.04) | 4.18 (1.60) | 3.92 (1.50) | 4.33 (1.19) | 1.08 (0.49) | 4.65 (1.16) | 4.83 (0.41) | 4.78 (1.57) | 4.14 (1.41) | 4.00 (1.25) | 3.40 (1.64) | 4.54 (1.45) | 4.64 (0.26) | 3.60 (1.31) | 1.27 (0.59) | 4.16 (1.25) | 3.67 (1.95) | 3.17 (1.80) |
Nature parks are boring | 1.75 (1.22) | 1.68 (1.42) | 1.20 (0.63) | 1.00 (0.34) | 1.00 (0.58) | 1.45 (1.04) | 1.31 (0.75) | 1.64 (1.14) | 1.69 (1.25) | 1.12 (0.47) | 1.67 (1.63) | 1.67 (1.43) | 1.93 (1.00) | 1.58 (1.18) | 1.13 (0.52) | 1.15 (0.72) | 1.21 (0.59) | 1.35 (1.00) | 1.47 (0.74) | 1.32 (0.99) | 1.50 (1.22) | 0.83 (0.41) |
Humans have the right to modify nature to suit our needs | 2.08 (1.08) | 2.05 (1.35) | 1.50 (0.97) | 1.50 (0.86) | 1.86 (1.68) | 1.55 (0.69) | 2.00 (1.41) | 1.55 (1.03) | 4.00 (1.35) | 1.77 (0.95) | 2.33 (1.51) | 2.78 (1.90) | 1.86 (1.03) | 1.71 (0.86) | 1.60 (0.83) | 1.62 (0.98) | 1.50 (0.83) | 1.61 (0.95) | 3.40 (1.80) | 1.68 (1.14) | 2.00 (1.79) | 1.00 (0.63) |
The time spent in an urban nature park relaxes you | 3.75 (1.42) | 3.74 (1.37) | 3.80 (1.62) | 4.11 (1.45) | 3.43 (1.72) | 3.91 (1.51) | 3.31 (1.32) | 4.06 (1.27) | 4.38 (1.45) | 4.38 (1.34) | 4.50 (0.55) | 4.67 (1.55) | 3.57 (1.60) | 3.67 (1.31) | 3.07 (1.49) | 4.23 (1.50) | 4.21 (1.36) | 3.43 (1.33) | 4.27 (0.39) | 4.04 (1.27) | 3.33 (1.86) | 3.17 (1.83) |
Tax dollars should be spent on nature parks | 3.75 (1.42) | 4.16 (1.26) | 4.40 (1.58) | 4.50 (1.29) | 4.14 (1.86) | 4.18 (1.60) | 3.85 (1.46) | 4.39 (1.09) | 4.00 (1.35) | 4.54 (1.33) | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.78 (1.57) | 4.21 (1.37) | 4.21 (1.25) | 3.33 (1.59) | 4.46 (1.44) | 4.64 (0.46) | 3.61 (1.37) | 3.80 (1.42) | 4.04 (1.24) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.17 (1.83) |
Nature parks in the cities provide valuable contacts with nature | 3.67 (1.56) | 3.84 (1.46) | 3.70 (1.64) | 3.83 (1.38) | 3.57 (2.15) | 4.00 (1.55) | 3.69 (1.44) | 4.03 (1.36) | 4.38 (1.45) | 4.54 (1.18) | 4.17 (0.75) | 4.56 (1.52) | 3.43 (1.45) | 3.46 (1.28) | 3.07 (1.44) | 4.23 (1.59) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.30 (1.28) | 3.80 (1.50) | 4.04 (1.21) | 3.00 (1.90) | 3.17 (1.83) |
I expect to feel refreshed after visiting a nature park | 3.42 (1.51) | 4.05 (1.39) | 3.50 (1.51) | 4.06 (1.30) | 3.43 (2.07) | 3.73 (1.62) | 3.69 (1.44) | 4.03 (1.36) | 4.00 (1.35) | 4.54 (1.11) | 3.17 (1.47) | 4.44 (1.56) | 3.43 (1.45) | 3.67 (1.31) | 2.80 (1.37) | 4.23 (1.59) | 4.14 (0.31) | 3.30 (1.28) | 3.33 (1.72) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.00 (1.85) | 3.00 (1.67) |
I enjoy talking with neighbours at local nature park | 3.92 (1.44) | 3.95 (1.31) | 3.40 (1.43) | 3.67 (1.24) | 2.00 (1.41) | 3.82 (1.47) | 3.31 (1.32) | 4.06 (1.27) | 3.54 (1.51) | 4.46 (1.17) | 3.33 (1.21) | 4.44 (1.56) | 3.36 (1.50) | 3.46 (1.28) | 2.00 (1.31) | 4.00 (1.51) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.30 (1.30) | 2.40 (1.30) | 2.56 (1.45) | 3.17 (1.83) | 3.17 (1.83) |
I learn about local environmental issue from friends/family | 3.75 (1.42) | 3.11 (1.37) | 1.90 (0.99) | 2.22 (1.22) | 2.14 (1.35) | 1.91 (1.51) | 3.31 (1.32) | 3.91 (1.23) | 3.38 (1.61) | 3.54 (1.42) | 1.83 (1.17) | 3.44 (1.60) | 1.79 (1.12) | 2.00 (1.06) | 3.07 (1.44) | 2.54 (1.61) | 2.86 (1.25) | 2.57 (1.41) | 2.47 (1.36) | 1.56 (1.46) | 2.17 (1.33) | 1.50 (1.38) |
I like the structure of the park I use | 2.58 (1.44) | 2.58 (1.84) | 1.90 (1.20) | 1.61 (1.42) | 3.14 (1.95) | 2.18 (1.54) | 3.23 (1.36) | 3.58 (1.41) | 2.38 (1.45) | 3.42 (1.51) | 2.17 (1.17) | 3.33 (1.83) | 2.79 (1.31) | 1.79 (0.88) | 2.20 (1.08) | 2.38 (1.70) | 2.29 (1.25) | 1.70 (0.90) | 2.93 (1.53) | 3.12 (1.24) | 2.50 (1.64) | 1.17 (0.75) |
I can count on family and friends for help | 3.33 (1.72) | 3.21 (1.40) | 2.90 (1.20) | 3.17 (1.42) | 3.71 (1.80) | 3.55 (1.57) | 2.00 (1.41) | 2.12 (1.41) | 1.69 (1.25) | 3.12 (1.57) | 3.67 (1.51) | 2.11 (1.29) | 1.79 (1.12) | 2.21 (1.22) | 1.87 (1.25) | 3.15 (1.47) | 3.00 (1.52) | 2.52 (1.18) | 3.80 (1.42) | 2.57 (1.60) | 2.67 (1.97) | 1.50 (1.22) |
Total score of cognitive | 17.83 (7.49) | 19.89 (6.24) | 21.00 (7.76) | 21.22 (1.54) | 19.57 (9.09) | 18.09 (7.78) | 19.85 (7.12) | 21.12 (5.73) | 21.38 (7.02) | 23.19 (5.76) | 24.50 (1.22) | 23.33 (7.62) | 20.79 (6.44) | 19.46 (6.06) | 16.33 (7.54) | 21.77 (7.18) | 22.57 (6.88) | 17.78 (6.70) | 21.20 (6.81) | 20.04 (6.21) | 19.67 (9.83) | 14.67 (9.14) |
Total score of behavioural | 14.67 (5.14) | 15.47 (5.44) | 14.60 (5.38) | 14.94 (4.53) | 14.00 (6.88) | 15.09 (5.52) | 14.15 (5.40) | 15.67 (4.20) | 15.15 (5.06) | 16.35 (3.98) | 17.67 (3.78) | 18.44 (6.19) | 15.00 (5.45) | 14.63 (4.07) | 12.20 (5.24) | 15.69 (5.38) | 15.57 (4.64) | 13.30 (4.48) | 14.20 (5.13) | 15.12 (4.59) | 13.83 (7.41) | 11.33 (6.41) |
Total score of affective | 19.25 (7.61) | 20.74 (7.55) | 17.00 (6.80) | 17.28 (6.32) | 18.00 (9.80) | 19.18 (7.92) | 17.77 (6.85) | 20.33 (7.03) | 17.62 (7.68) | 21.23 (8.62) | 18.00 (5.25) | 18.78 (9.86) | 13.14 (5.02) | 13.13 (4.05) | 11.93 (5.35) | 16.31 (6.10) | 16.29 (5.54) | 13.39 (5.14) | 14.93 (6.51) | 15.28 (4.86) | 13.50 (7.01) | 10.33 (6.62) |
Regions | Age*Regions | Sexes*Regions | Age*Sexes*Regions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
I prefer to do outdoor physical activity | 1.65 | 0.20 | 2.06 | <0.05 | 2.84 | <0.05 | 2.26 | <0.05 |
Green space in cities is important | 3.85 | 0.05 | 1.57 | 0.10 | 2.36 | 0.07 | 2.67 | <0.05 |
Nature parks improve quality of life | 6.43 | <0.05 | 1.98 | <0.05 | 4.85 | <0.05 | 3.12 | <0.05 |
Contact with nature is important for well-being | 6.70 | <0.05 | 1.33 | 0.20 | 3.42 | <0.05 | 2.51 | <0.05 |
It is important to have convenient nature parks in cities | 8.50 | <0.05 | 1.47 | 0.14 | 3.53 | <0.05 | 2.50 | <0.05 |
Nature parks are boring | 0.01 | 0.91 | 2.25 | <0.05 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 1.39 | 0.12 |
Humans have the right to modify nature to suit our needs | 1.55 | 0.21 | 1.15 | 0.32 | 1.29 | 0.28 | 0.94 | 0.55 |
The time spent in an urban nature park relaxes you | 6.36 | <0.05 | 1.16 | 0.31 | 2.71 | <0.05 | 1.77 | <0.05 |
Tax dollars should be spent on nature parks | 7.29 | <0.05 | 1.73 | 0.06 | 3.24 | <0.05 | 2.78 | <0.05 |
Nature parks in the cities provide valuable contacts with nature | 9.88 | <0.05 | 2.16 | <0.05 | 3.73 | <0.05 | 1.83 | <0.05 |
I expect to feel refreshed after visiting a nature park | 6.36 | <0.05 | 1.16 | 0.31 | 2.72 | <0.05 | 1.77 | <0.05 |
I enjoy talking with neighbours at local nature park | 4.29 | <0.05 | 1.74 | 0.06 | 2.31 | 0.07 | 2.10 | <0.05 |
I learn about local environmental issue from friends/family | 6.10 | <0.05 | 2.01 | <0.05 | 2.41 | 0.06 | 1.31 | <0.05 |
I like the structure of the park I use | 27.04 | <0.05 | 4.57 | <0.05 | 9.27 | <0.05 | 3.22 | <0.05 |
I can count on family and friends for help | 3.65 | 0.06 | 1.45 | 0.15 | 4.23 | <0.05 | 2.12 | <0.05 |
Total score of cognitive | 5.98 | <0.05 | 1.75 | 0.06 | 3.60 | <0.05 | 2.80 | <0.05 |
Total score of behavioural | 9.25 | <0.05 | 1.56 | 0.11 | 3.10 | <0.05 | 1.83 | <0.05 |
Total score of affective | 15.82 | <0.05 | 3.28 | <0.05 | 5.30 | <0.05 | 2.73 | <0.05 |
Total Model | Emilia-Romagna | Veneto | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | T | p | β | T | p | β | T | p | |
Age | |||||||||
18–30 | −0.24 | −2.11 | <0.05 | −0.43 | −3.20 | <0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 |
31–40 | −0.08 | −1.01 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.84 | −0.28 | −1.52 | 0.13 |
41–50 | 0.00 | −0.81 | 0.42 | −0.04 | −0.49 | 0.63 | −0.03 | −0.12 | 0.91 |
51–60 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.97 | −0.14 | −1.43 | 0.16 | −0.07 | −0.34 | 0.73 |
61–70 | 0.10 | 1.11 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.91 |
Over 70 | 0.15 | 1.90 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 1.17 | 0.09 | |||
Sexes | |||||||||
Male | −0.04 | −0.56 | 0.58 | −1.29 | −1.49 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.61 | 0.54 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | −0.09 | −1.04 | 0.30 | −0.10 | −1.14 | 0.26 | −0.11 | −0.80 | 0.43 |
Engaged | 0.14 | 1.50 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.66 | −0.03 | −0.17 | 0.86 |
Cohabiting | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.93 | −0.05 | −0.52 | 0.61 | 0.15 | 1.06 | 0.30 |
Married | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.11 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 1.25 | 0.22 |
Education level | |||||||||
Below high school | −0.04 | −0.46 | 0.64 | −0.14 | −0.89 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.66 |
High school | −0.03 | −0.30 | 0.77 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.57 | −0.32 | −1.49 | 0.14 |
Bachelor’s degree | 0.15 | 1.53 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 2.67 | <0.05 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.90 |
Master’s degree | −0.05 | −0.60 | 0.55 | −0.06 | −0.77 | 0.44 | −0.25 | −1.30 | 0.20 |
Doctorate | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.97 | −0.05 | −0.34 | 0.73 | |||
Profession | |||||||||
Freelance | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.74 | −0.04 | −0.38 | 0.70 | 0.15 | 1.16 | 0.25 |
Sport employee | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.90 | −0.02 | −0.17 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.67 | 0.50 |
Employee | −0.20 | −2.46 | <0.05 | −0.35 | −3.50 | <0.05 | −0.03 | −0.25 | 0.80 |
Engineer | 0.08 | 1.08 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 2.07 | <0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.92 |
Managing director | −0.20 | −2.23 | <0.05 | −0.25 | −2.20 | <0.05 | −0.15 | −0.89 | 0.38 |
Teacher | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.80 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.76 |
Doctor | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.76 | −0.25 | 1.38 | 0.17 |
Retired | 0.11 | −0.93 | 0.35 | −0.20 | −1.37 | 0.17 | −0.14 | −0.47 | 0.63 |
Consultant | −0.04 | −0.53 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.85 | 0.40 | −0.02 | 0.53 | 0.60 |
Business owner | −0.09 | −1.18 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 1.29 | 0.20 | −0.20 | −1.41 | 0.16 |
Unemployed | −0.04 | −0.51 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.53 | −0.22 | −1.43 | 0.16 |
Worker | −0.01 | −0.11 | 0.91 | −0.13 | −1.37 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.70 | 0.48 |
Lawyer | 0.09 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.70 |
Health care professional | −0.21 | −2.63 | <0.05 | −0.33 | −2.02 | <0.05 | |||
Park distance | |||||||||
Less than 300 m | −0.03 | −0.45 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 1.19 | 0.24 | −0.69 | −0.47 | 0.63 |
Park use | |||||||||
No | −0.22 | −2.98 | <0.05 | −0.23 | −2.43 | <0.05 | −0.36 | −2.36 | <0.05 |
R2 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.45 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.02 | ||||||
p | 0.16 | <0.05 | 0.43 |
Total Model | Emilia-Romagna | Veneto | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | T | p | β | T | p | β | T | p | |
Age | |||||||||
18–30 | −0.13 | −1.79 | 0.07 | −0.25 | −1.78 | 0.08 | −0.18 | −0.83 | 0.41 |
31–40 | −0.15 | −1.47 | 0.14 | −0.11 | −0.99 | 0.32 | −0.27 | −1.50 | 0.14 |
41–50 | −0.10 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.13 | 1.25 | 0.22 | −0.13 | −0.66 | 0.51 |
51–60 | −0.03 | 0.17 | 0.87 | −0.12 | −1.02 | 0.31 | −0.05 | −0.25 | 0.80 |
61–70 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.94 | −0.04 | −0.37 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.73 |
Over 70 | 0.11 | 1.13 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 1.80 | 0.08 | |||
Sexes | |||||||||
Male | −0.02 | −0.73 | 0.47 | −0.02 | −0.32 | 0.74 | −0.13 | −0.90 | 0.38 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | −0.10 | −1.50 | 0.14 | 0.10 | −1.90 | 0.06 | −0.12 | −0.86 | 0.40 |
Engaged | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.13 | 1.14 | 0.26 | −0.11 | −0.65 | 0.52 |
Cohabiting | −0.10 | −0.38 | 0.70 | −0.10 | −0.90 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.94 |
Married | 0.09 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.76 | 0.45 |
Education level | |||||||||
Below high school | −0.03 | −1.18 | 0.24 | −0.16 | −1.34 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 0.52 |
High school | 0.07 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.18 | 1.68 | 0.10 | −0.12 | −0.59 | 0.56 |
Bachelor’s degree | 0.23 | 2.87 | <0.05 | 0.44 | 3.37 | <0.05 | 0.25 | 1.17 | 0.24 |
Master’s degree | 0.01 | −0.22 | 0.82 | −0.19 | −1.62 | 0.11 | −0.08 | −0.44 | 0.66 |
Doctorate | −0.05 | −0.56 | 0.58 | −0.14 | −0.90 | 0.37 | |||
Profession | |||||||||
Freelance | −0.04 | −0.48 | 0.63 | −0.18 | −1.77 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.37 |
Sport employee | 0.11 | 1.07 | 0.29 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 0.23 |
Employee | −0.08 | −2.05 | <0.05 | −0.23 | −2.37 | <0.05 | −0.09 | −0.71 | 0.48 |
Engineer | 0.02 | 1.05 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.71 | 0.48 |
Managing director | −0.15 | −1.90 | 0.06 | −0.13 | −1.12 | 0.27 | −0.23 | −1.35 | 0.18 |
Teacher | 0.07 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.09 | 0.67 | 0.51 |
Doctor | −0.01 | −0.23 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.67 | −0.03 | −0.16 | 0.87 |
Retired | 0.03 | −0.27 | 0.82 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.99 | −0.37 | −1.24 | 0.22 |
Consultant | −0.10 | −1.00 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.62 | −0.12 | 1.05 | 0.30 |
Business owner | −0.02 | −0.95 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 0.36 | −0.16 | −1.18 | 0.24 |
Unemployed | −0.03 | −0.27 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.55 | −0.22 | −1.48 | 0.15 |
Worker | −0.06 | −0.77 | 0.44 | −0.13 | −1.39 | 0.17 | −0.05 | −0.30 | 0.77 |
Lawyer | 0.14 | 1.76 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 2.32 | <0.05 | 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.63 |
Health care professional | −0.14 | −2.38 | <0.05 | −0.44 | −2.70 | <0.05 | |||
Park distance | |||||||||
Less than 300 m | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.21 | 2.31 | <0.05 | −0.16 | −1.09 | 0.28 |
Park use | |||||||||
No | −0.07 | −1.41 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.83 | −0.36 | −2.41 | <0.05 |
R2 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.48 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.06 | ||||||
p | 0.25 | <0.05 | 0.33 |
Total Model | Emilia-Romagna | Veneto | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | T | p | β | T | p | β | T | p | |
Age | |||||||||
18–30 | −0.37 | −3.41 | <0.05 | −0.44 | −3.60 | <0.05 | −0.17 | −0.77 | 0.44 |
31–40 | −0.05 | −0.69 | 0.49 | −0.02 | −0.40 | 0.69 | −0.05 | −0.25 | 0.80 |
41–50 | 0.08 | −0.54 | 0.59 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.69 |
51–60 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.38 | 0.02 | −1.97 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.92 | 0.36 |
61–70 | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.71 | 0.48 |
Over 70 | 0.10 | 1.30 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 1.76 | 0.08 | |||
Sexes | |||||||||
Male | −0.02 | −0.28 | 0.78 | 0.00 | −0.72 | 0.47 | −0.06 | −0.36 | 0.71 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | −0.09 | −1.08 | 0.28 | 0.10 | −1.32 | 0.19 | −0.12 | −0.85 | 0.40 |
Engaged | 0.13 | 1.45 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.92 | 0.36 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.92 |
Cohabiting | −0.06 | −0.69 | 0.49 | 0.03 | −0.92 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.72 |
Married | −0.03 | −0.26 | 0.79 | 0.00 | −0.37 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 1.29 | 0.20 |
Education level | |||||||||
Below high school | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.88 | −0.20 | −0.73 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.60 | 0.55 |
High school | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.55 | −0.00 | 1.67 | 0.10 | −0.07 | −0.34 | 0.73 |
Bachelor’s degree | 0.18 | 1.89 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 3.10 | <0.05 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.71 |
Master’s degree | −0.05 | −0.57 | 0.57 | 0.01 | −1.42 | 0.16 | −0.08 | −0.44 | 0.66 |
Doctorate | −0.14 | −1.23 | 0.22 | −0.20 | −1.66 | 0.10 | |||
Profession | |||||||||
Freelance | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.99 | −0.07 | −1.09 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.93 | 0.36 |
Sport employee | 0.06 | 0.80 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 0.32 |
Employee | −0.23 | −2.99 | <0.05 | −0.33 | −4.37 | <0.05 | −0.02 | −0,13 | 0.90 |
Engineer | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.37 | −0.06 | −0.35 | 0.72 |
Managing director | −0.11 | −1.31 | 0.19 | −0.11 | −0.34 | 0.73 | −0.30 | 1.69 | 0.09 |
Teacher | −0.11 | 0.98 | 0.33 | −0.00 | −0.07 | 0.95 | 0.15 | 0.99 | 0.32 |
Doctor | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.99 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.70 |
Retired | −0.14 | −1.25 | 0.21 | −0.26 | −1.27 | 0.21 | −0.26 | −0.89 | 0.38 |
Consultant | −0.05 | −0.70 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 2.08 | <0.05 | −0.15 | 0.86 | 0.39 |
Business owner | −0.12 | −1.74 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.45 | −0.24 | −1.76 | 0.08 |
Unemployed | −0.10 | −1.42 | 0.16 | −0.06 | −1.07 | 0.29 | −0.22 | −1.49 | 0.14 |
Worker | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.99 | −0.01 | −0.31 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.80 |
Lawyer | 0.06 | 0.82 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.58 |
Health care professional | −0.15 | −1.88 | 0.06 | −0.39 | −2.36 | <0.05 | |||
Park distance | |||||||||
Less than 300 m | −0.04 | −0.58 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 2.18 | <0.05 | −0.21 | −1.42 | 0.16 |
Park use | |||||||||
No | −0.12 | −1.68 | 0.09 | −0.13 | 0.78 | 0.44 | −0.19 | −1.26 | 0.21 |
R2 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.46 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.03 | ||||||
p | <0.05 | 0.09 | 0.40 |
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Grigoletto, A.; Mauro, M.; Campa, F.; Loi, A.; Zambon, M.C.; Bettocchi, M.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; Bragonzoni, L.; Maietta Latessa, P.; Toselli, S. Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126442
Grigoletto A, Mauro M, Campa F, Loi A, Zambon MC, Bettocchi M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Bragonzoni L, Maietta Latessa P, Toselli S. Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126442
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrigoletto, Alessia, Mario Mauro, Francesco Campa, Alberto Loi, Maria Cristina Zambon, Marzia Bettocchi, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Laura Bragonzoni, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa, and Stefania Toselli. 2021. "Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126442