Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
Study Design and Participants
3. Measuring Instruments
3.1. Socio-Demographic Questionnaire
3.2. Anthropometric Measurements
4. Body Composition by Deuterium Dilution Method
5. Physical Activity Using ActiGraph Accelerometer
6. Statistical Analysis
7. Results
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Variable | Whole Group (N = 93) | Girls (n = 51) | Boys (n = 42) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Age (yr) | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 0.89 |
Height (cm) | 121.6 ± 8.7 | 121.4 ± 9.0 | 121.7 ± 8.3 | 0.86 |
Weight (kg) | 23.9 ± 5.9 | 24.6 ± 6.5 | 23.4 ± 5.1 | 0.45 |
BMI z-scores | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.20 |
SB (min) | 342 ± 52 | 356 ± 49 | 325 ± 49 | 0.01 |
LPA (min) | 363 ± 45 | 355 ± 44 | 372 ± 43 | 0.06 |
MPA (min) | 57 ± 16 | 49 ± 13 | 66 ± 15 | <0.01 |
VPA (min) | 23 ± 11 | 19 ± 9 | 27 ± 11 | <0.01 |
MVPA (min) | 80 ± 25 | 67 ± 20 | 93 ± 23 | <0.01 |
FM (kg) | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 5 ± 2 | 0.04 |
FFM (kg) | 17 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | 0.19 |
FM% | 26 ± 7 | 28 ± 7 | 22 ± 5 | <0.01 |
Categories | All, n (%) 93 | Girls, n (%) 51 | Boys, n (%) 42 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI z-scores | ||||
Underweight | 9 (10) | 5 (10) | 4 (9.5) | 0.67 |
Normal weight | 72 (77) | 38 (75) | 34 (81.0) | |
Overweight/obese | 12 (13) | 8 (16) | 4(9.5) | |
DDM | ||||
Underfat | 11 (12) | 1 (2.0) | 10 (24) | <0.01 |
Normal fat | 57 (61) | 29 (56.9) | 28 (67) | |
Overfat | 25 (27) | 21 (41.2) | 4 (9) | |
MVPA | ||||
≥60 min MVPA | 72 (77) | 31 (61) | 41 (98) | <0.01 |
<60 min MVPA | 21 (23) | 20 (39) | 1 (2) |
MVPA < 60 min/day | MVPA ≥ 60 min/day | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | n (SD) |
Weight (kg) | 25.71 (±7.56) | 23.41 (±5.22) | 0.11 |
BMI z-scores | 0.28 (±1.25) | −0.15 (±0.98) | 0.11 |
FFM (kg) | 17.90 (±4.40) | 17.37 (±3.03) | 0.52 |
FM (kg) | 7.81 (±3.95) | 6.05 (±2.79) | 0.02 |
FM% | 29.09 (±7.78) | 24.98 (±6.25) | 0.01 |
BMI z-Score | FM | FM% | FFM | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r2 | β | p | 95%CI | r2 | β | p | 95%CI | r2 | β | p | 95%CI | r2 | β | p | 95%CI | |
SB (Crude) | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.59 | −4.11; 2.36 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.17 | −2.92; 16.22 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.13 | −4.62; 36.52 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.31 | −4.99; 15.52 |
Model 1 | 0.01 | −0.11 | 0.33 | −5.01; 1.72 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.57 | −6.91; 12.54 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.82 | −17.20; 21.73 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.14 | −2.62; 18.65 |
Model 2 | 0.07 | −0.17 | 0.11 | −6.03; 0.63 | 0.16 | −0.03 | 0.90 | −10.06; 8.83 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.33 | −11.25; 32.75 | 0.55 | −0.14 | 0.06 | −8.85; 14.43 |
Model 3 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.58 | −4.25; 2.41 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.32 | −4.79; 14.63 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.27 | −9.26; 32.21 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.29 | −4.92; 16.19 |
LPA (Crude) | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.10 | −0.67; 7.35 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.82 | −13.55; 10.72 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.94 | −25.13; 27.18 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.19 | −21.32; 4.33 |
Model 1 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.06 | −0.05; 8.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.74 | −9.90; 13.88 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.28 | −10.80; 36.45 | 0.02 | −0.17 | 0.11 | −23.51; 2.41 |
Model 2 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.001 | 1.90; 10.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 | −3.01; 20.42 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.44 | −16.96; 38.36 | 0.54 | 0.14 | 0.06 | −0.32; 18.47 |
Model 3 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.10 | −0.68; 7.38 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.88 | −12.92; 11.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.86 | −23.35; 27.86 | −0.00 | −0.14 | 0.19 | −21.45; 4.37 |
MPA (Crude) | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.51 | −2.27; 1.14 | 0.05 | −0.25 | 0.01 | −11.08; −1.20 | 0.08 | −0.30 | 0.003 | −26.61; −5.67 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.75 | −6.31; 4.57 |
Model 1 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −1.99; 1.99 | 0.08 | −0.13 | 0.25 | −9.00; 2.36 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.40 | −16.24; 6.55 | 0.01 | −0.21 | 0.25 | −9.97; 2.59 |
Model 2 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.81 | −1.89; 1.48 | 0.19 | −0.18 | 0.06 | −9.12; 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.28 | 0.18 | −1.85; 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.20 | −1.34; 6.21 |
Model 3 | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.49 | −2.47; 1.19 | 0.05 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −10.36; 0.19 | 0.09 | −0.25 | 0.19 | −1.64; 0.32 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.71 | −6.95; 4.75 |
VPA (Crude) | 0.02 | −0.18 | 0.07 | −1.92; 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.28 | 0.01 | −7.07; −1.20 | 0.11 | −0.35 | 0.001 | −17.28; −4.93 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.87 | −3.00; 3.52 |
Model 1 | 0.02 | −0.16 | 0.16 | −1.87; 0.32 | 0.10 | −0.20 | 0.07 | −6.03; 0.23 | 0.23 | −0.20 | 0.04 | −12.63; −0.18 | −0.00 | −0.04 | 0.71 | −4.19; 2.85 |
Model 2 | 0.07 | −0.17 | 0.10 | 0.04; 0.38 | 0.22 | −0.25 | 0.01 | −6.34; −0.96 | 0.13 | −0.34 | 0.12 | −1.90; 6.21 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.30 | −1.06; 3.43 |
Model 3 | 0.01 | −0.19 | 0.07 | −0.17; 0.13 | 0.08 | −0.25 | 0.15 | −6.69; −0.76 | 0.13 | −0.32 | 0.08 | −0.11; 1.72 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.89 | −3.10; 3.58 |
MVPA (Crude) | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.51 | −2.27; 1.14 | 0.05 | −0.25 | 0.01 | −11.08; −1.20 | 0.08 | −0.30 | 0.003 | −26.62; −5.67 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.75 | −6.31; 4.57 |
Model 1 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −1.99; 1.99 | 0.08 | −0.13 | 0.25 | −9.00; 2.36 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.40 | −16.24; 6.55 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.25 | −9.97; 2.59 |
Model 2 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.81 | −1.89; 1.48 | 0.19 | −0.18 | 0.06 | −9.12; 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.28 | 0.18 | −0.36; 1.82 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.20 | −1.34; 6.21 |
Model 3 | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.49 | −2.47; 1.19 | 0.05 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −10.36; 0.19 | 0.09 | −0.25 | 0.19 | −0.32; 1.64 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.71 | −6.95; 4.75 |
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Sedumedi, C.M.; Janssen, X.; Reilly, J.J.; Kruger, H.S.; Monyeki, M.A. Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126453
Sedumedi CM, Janssen X, Reilly JJ, Kruger HS, Monyeki MA. Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126453
Chicago/Turabian StyleSedumedi, Caroline M., Xanne Janssen, John J. Reilly, Herculina S. Kruger, and Makama Andries Monyeki. 2021. "Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126453