1. Introduction
In facing fast-growing and uncertain global challenges, the fourth target in the sustainable development goals (SDG) focuses on developing superior human capital that can be a driver for the nation’s progress and development. This can be achieved through global citizenship education that trains students to understand and respect each other’s differences, which can contribute to world peace. In the face of the challenging global competition, the younger generation should be equipped with knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes, so that they are always proactive, able to adapt quickly, and subsequently able to decide and resolve problems [
1]. In line with this aspiration, the MOE also focuses on the culturalization of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) or Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (henceforth KBAT) among students, to produce intelligent, creative, and innovative human capital to meet the 21st century challenges, so that the nation can compete in the world.
Towards realizing this global citizenship education, the International Baccalaureate (IB), established in 1968, has been shown to provide holistic education through multicultural understanding and international mindedness, so that they can think critically and independently [
1,
2,
3]. The International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme (IBMYP) is one of the world’s recognized IB learning programs and has been implemented in 5556 schools worldwide [
4]. In Malaysia, IBMYP was introduced by the MOE in the Malaysian Education Development Plan 2013–2025 towards a holistic and effective educational transformation, and resulted in creative and critically minded students. IBMYP has been implemented in 10 Malaysian government secondary schools from 2013, comprising various backgrounds, towards ensuring program feasibility in all types of schools. These following 10 schools are known as International Baccalaureate World School (IBWS) MOE: (1) the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Perak; (2) Tunku Kurshiah College, Negeri Sembilan; (3) Sekolah Menengah Sains Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra, Kelantan; (4) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Sheikh Abdul Malek, Terengganu; (5) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 9(2), Federal Territory of Putrajaya; (6) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah; (7) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato’ Sheikh Ahmad, Perlis; (8) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Seri Tualang, Pahang; (9) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Tapang, Sarawak; and (10) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pantai, Federal Territory of Labuan [
5].
The effectiveness of the implementation of the IBMYP approach can be assessed based on the level of IB learner profile, namely, inquirers, knowledgeable, thinkers, communicators, principled, open-minded, caring, risk-takers, balanced, and reflective [
6]. These 10 IB learner profile attributes can be applied through the implementation of teaching and learning practices, using the IBMYP approach over five years of schooling [
7]. The application of 10 IB learner profile attributes is in line with the 21st century learning outcome, which is to enhance and cultivate thinking skills towards creative, innovative, and critical thinking. Students who have the IB learner profile are also independent learners, knowledgeable, inquirers, caring, international-minded, understanding, and respectful of each other’s differences, which can contribute to world peace. Thus, this study aims to develop a good psychometric 10 IB learner profile instrument (10IBLP-I), which is deemed useful not only for IBWS MOE students to self-assess their IB learner profile, but also as an observational measurement tool for teachers to evaluate and monitor the inculcation of the students’ IB learner profiles. The data collected can be used by schools and teachers to support students and instill the IB learner profile among them.
2. Research Background
Literature review at the international level has shown numerous studies related to the IB learner profile with other variables. However, these studies are more inclined towards the Diploma Program (DP), which is a pre-preparatory program to further studies at the university level. For example, Poole [
8], conducted a case study to explore the methods and approaches of art teacher, Sophie who is an expatriate in interpreting and applying the IB learner profile for IBDP students. Meanwhile, Wells [
9] carried out a study by researching the reflection of the IBMYP and DP students to describe their IB learner profile characters and the extent to which these characters can contribute to international mindedness among students. Besides, Gardner-McTaggart [
10] conducted an exploratory study on leadership practices among school leaders, through critical phenomenological aspects, by incorporating the IB learner profile application and global citizenship education. In addition, Weiss [
11] performed a descriptive study involving 24 research participants to determine teacher perspective towards the IB learner profile attributes. The results showed that teachers considered caring as the most obvious attribute to assess, while balanced was the most difficult attribute to be assessed.
Accordingly, the measurement of 10 IB learner profile attributes among IBWS MOE students requires the development of an instrument with good psychometric properties, such as construct validity and high reliability. However, the existing IB learner profile instruments, developed by Walker et al. [
12] and Bryant et al. [
13], only involve four attributes out of the overall 10 attributes of the IB learner profile, namely, knowledgeable, inquirers, caring, and open-minded, and this has become a limitation in extant research. In Malaysia, research conducted by the MOE to measure the level of IB learner profile in assessing the effectiveness of IBMYP implementation in 10 IBWS MOE schools in 2015 and 2018 did not use instruments with empirical evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the IB learner profile instrument [
14,
15]. Besides, to date, no empirical studies in Malaysia have built an IB learner profile instrument, although the implementation of IBMYP in Malaysia is not only limited to schools under the MOE, but also schools under other agencies, such as MARA Junior Science College and private schools. MARA is the Malay acronym for the People’s Trust Council, which was originally set up to drive development and provide financial assistance to Malays. It also offers overseas scholarships and operates junior colleges across Malaysia. Thus, an instrument with the overall 10 attributes of the IB learner profile must be developed to ensure that the IB learner profile level among IBWS MOE students can be measured and the effectiveness of the IBMYP implementation in 10 IBWS MOE schools can be assessed.
Therefore, the study aims to develop an instrument with good psychometric properties, based on the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory factor analysis, to measure the level of IB learner profile among IBWS MOE students. Hence, the research objectives are as follows:
(1) To develop the 10 IB learner profile instruments (10IBLP-I) among IBWS MOE students;
(2) To examine the psychometric properties of the 10IBLP-I developed, based on the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory factor analysis.
2.1. International Baccalaureate Program
International Baccalaureate (IB) is a recognized and prestigious program at the international level, conducted by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). In the beginning, the implementation of IB was aimed at fulfilling the need of students who had to follow their parents to migrate to another country, as well as introducing international understanding [
16]. This program entails a special pre-preparatory program for entering internationally recognized universities, whilst providing an appropriate and inclusive academic curriculum to students. The main goal of the program is to develop the potential of globally minded students in creating a better and harmonious world and environment. The program also trains students to be more active, humane and inculcates their interest in lifelong learning. Besides that, understanding and tolerance towards various cultures is also the main focus of this program to shape international mindedness among students [
4].
IB offers a comprehensive international curriculum through the concept of the education continuum, which includes four programs that differ from as early as three years old to pre-university age, as follows [
4]:
- i.
Primary Years Programme (PYP) offers learning for children aged three to 12 years old. The implementation of the PYP focuses on developing and cultivating the attribute of inquirers among students, which is not only limited in the scope of learning in the classroom, but also through the development of the outside world;
- ii.
Middle Years Programme (MYP) or IBMYP provides a comprehensive and challenging learning framework for students aged 11 to 16 years old. IBMYP trains and encourages students to be reflective and critical-minded through an understanding of the development of the outside world beyond the scope of the traditional and conventional learning curriculum;
- iii.
Diploma Program (DP) is a preparatory program for students to pursue their studies at local and foreign universities. DP provides a balanced and challenging learning platform in the aspect of academics, focusing on the international element towards producing outstanding individuals in the academic field, and those who are able to face challenges in the working environment;
- iv.
Career-related Programme (CP) is a program that targets school leavers as an alternative option for those who intend to continue to venture into career fields. CP can help students prepare before venturing into career fields, through learning experiences that include the vision and principles of IB.
2.2. IB Learner Profile
The uniqueness of IB is that this program trains younger generations who are knowledgeable, inquirers, caring, and international-minded. Apart from cognitive development, through the application of HOTS, IB also opens up opportunities for students to build well-being, encompassing social, emotional, and physical aspects [
17]. IB introduced the IB learner profile as an action plan for cultivating international-mindedness through 10 attributes, namely, (1) inquirers, (2) knowledgeable, (3) thinkers, (4) communicators, (5) principled, (6) open-minded, (7) caring, (8) risk-takers, (9) balanced, and (10) reflective [
6]. Next, these 10 attributes can build the character of each student who attends the IB program to be responsible, tolerant, and to contribute to the harmony of their surroundings [
17].
The effectiveness of the IBMYP approach can be assessed based on the application of 10 IB learner profile attributes among students in 10 IBWS MOE. These 10 attributes are a must-have value in students, to shape individual responsibility for the local, global, and national communities and contribute to world peace. The operational definitions for the 10 IB learner profile attributes based on the [
6] are as follows:
The first attribute of the IB learner profile is inquirers, which means that students formulate and utilize global understanding and knowledge in ventured areas on new issues and ideas with local or global interests. Next, the second IB learner profile attribute of thinkers means that students use creative and innovative skills in analyzing and taking action against complex problems. Students also take the initiative in making any ethical recommendations and decisions.
The third attribute of the IB learner profile is communicators, which means that students demonstrate confidence and creativity in many ways, by mastering more than one language. Students are also able to collaborate more effectively, and listen to individual and group views carefully. Subsequently, the fourth IB learner profile attribute of principled means that students always act with honesty and trust, with a strong sense of equality and justice, as well as respect for the rights of others. Students are also responsible for the actions they perform and the consequences of their actions.
The fifth attribute of the IB learner profile is open-minded. Through the application of this attribute, students will respect their own culture and history, as well as the values and traditions of other communities. Students can also accept the views of others and advance themselves based on their learning experiences. Meanwhile, the sixth IB learner profile attribute of caring refers to the sense of sympathy, compassion, and mutual respect shown by the students. They are also ready and committed to providing services and making positive changes in daily life as well as in the surrounding world.
The seventh attribute of the IB learner profile is knowledgeable, which refers to the development of students in applying global understanding and knowledge in ventured areas on new issues and ideas with local or global interests. The eighth IB learner profile attribute of risk-takers means that students take an approach about something uncertain by a way of thinking forward. Students also perform their job independently, and work together to explore new ideas and innovative strategies. Next, students are likewise intelligent and resilient in facing the available opportunities and challenges.
The ninth attribute of the IB learner profile is balanced. Through the application of this attribute, students can understand the importance of balance in various aspects of life, either intellectually, physically, or emotionally, to achieve well-being goals for themselves and others. Students can also identify their dependence on others and the world. The final IB learner profile attribute is reflective. The application of this attribute can help students examine the world, ideas, and their own experiences. They can also strive to appreciate their potential and strength, as well as improving weaknesses to support learning and personality development.
2.3. Underlying Theories of IB Learner Profile
Based on a systematic review by Bullock [
18], the 10 IB learner profile attributes were categorized into four constructs, namely, cognitive, conative, affective, and social. Firstly, the cognitive construct comprises the attributes of knowledgeable, thinkers, and reflective. This construct represents a cognitive process that requires a deep understanding of learning and knowledge through the development of the HOTS concept and application. The underlying theories of the cognitive construct are the cognitive development theory [
19], cognitive learning theory [
20], Kolb’s cycle learning theory [
21], and Bloom’s taxonomy [
22]. Next, the conative construct comprises the attributes of inquirers and principles. Conative or personal refers to self-efficacy towards metacogynist exploration that builds student awareness of learning. The goal orientation theory [
23], Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory [
24], and the self-determination theory [
25] are the underlying theories of this construct.
Meanwhile, caring, risk-takers, and balanced are the attributes for the affective construct with the underlying theories of the psychosocial theory [
26], ecological theory [
27], and emotional intelligence theory [
28]. The affective construct or emotional skill refers to the quality of individuals who build confidence and well-being. Finally, the attributes of communicators and open-minded are categorized into the social construct. This construct is also known as a cultural construct that emphasizes collaborative networks in contributing to local communities. Appreciation to cultural diversity and differences in opinion can be valued by each individual. Among the underlying theories of this construct are the social learning theory [
29], ecological theory [
27], and cultural dimension theory [
30].
2.4. Past Studies on the Development of Instruments for IB Learner Profile
Walker et al. [
12] had developed and validated the International Baccalaureate learner profile questionnaire (IBLPQ) in the year 2015. The IBLPQ was the first instrument developed to measure the IB learner profile by Walker et al. [
12]. However, this instrument was only developed to measure 4 out of 10 attributes of the IB learner profile, namely, knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded. The IBLPQ was only developed based on four attributes of the IB learner profile that represent each construct in Bullock’s model [
18], such as knowledgeable from the cognitive construct, caring from the affective construct, inquirers from the conative construct, and open-minded from the social construct. Besides, the selection of the four attributes was owing to the mission of IB to prioritize or focus on these attributes, as described in IB [
31] (p. 1), as follows:
“The International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable, and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect.”
The development of the IBLPQ involved five stages, namely, initial item construction, qualitative Delphi study, quantitative Delphi study, pilot study, and field study. In the first stage, a thorough and comprehensive library study was conducted to generate items that match the operational definitions for the attributes of knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and communicators. The format and number of the initial items to be generated were also specified during this stage. As such, Walker et al. [
12] had generated a total of 32 items (eight items for each attribute) during the first stage. In the second stage, two qualitative Delphi studies were conducted on 23 experts who consisted of administrators, teachers who teach IB, primary school teachers, high school teachers, and IBDP students in Asia-Pacific countries to identify the content validity of the IBLPQ items. Based on expert opinion and feedback, 32 items generated during the first stage should be improved and one item should be eliminated.
Subsequently, in the third stage, a quantitative Delphi study was conducted on 50 administrators and experienced teachers to identify the content validity of 31 items that were improved during the second stage of IBLPQ development. The administrators and teachers were required to assess the items based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = most inappropriate to 5 = most appropriate. However, only 32 administrators and teachers had assessed the items. Walker et al. [
12] further analyzed the content validity of the 31 items using Lawshe’s content validity ratio, Aiken’s V coefficient, and confidence interval for the mean of a rating scale, and the findings showed that the overall 31 items obtained a content validity coefficient between 0.77 and 0.91, proving that the items have content validity.
Walker et al. [
12] subsequently conducted a pilot study on 976 IBDP students in 18 Asia-Pacific schools, such as China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Singapore, the Philippines, and South Korea, to indicate the psychometric properties of the IBLPQ, particularly the validity and reliability of the IBLPQ constructs using confirmatory factor analysis. The findings showed that all items have factor loading values of more than 0.6, and the measurement model for the IBLPQ had achieved the specified fit index with CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.04, and X
2 = 1964.2, df = 344. Besides, Cronbach’s alpha values for all four attributes also supported the reliability of the IBLPQ constructs, namely, knowledgeable (0.92), caring (0.94), inquirers (0.91), and open-minded (0.92). In other words, the 31 IBLPQ items have good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability. The findings also showed that all items have a factor loading value above 0.7 as suggested by Tabachnick and Fidell [
32].
Since the pilot study proved that the IBLPQ has good psychometric properties, Walker et al. [
12] then conducted the fifth stage, which is a field study involving 758 IBDP students in Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Two items from the caring construct and two items from the open-minded construct should be eliminated due to overlapping factor loadings. As such, only 27 items were finalized using confirmatory factor analysis, and the findings showed that the IBLPQ measurement model comprising all of these items achieved the specified fit index with CFI = 0.9, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.04, and X
2 = 1770.2, df = 344. Besides, the Cronbach’s alpha values for the overall four attributes further supported the reliability of the IBLPQ constructs, namely, knowledgeable (0.92), caring (0.94), inquirers (0.91), and open-minded (0.91).
Based on the pilot study and field study conducted by Walker et al. [
12], the IBLPQ has shown good psychometric properties with high reliability and construct validity. In other words, all of the 27 items have met the fitness index, with the IBLPQ measurement model comprising the four constructs of knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded.
5. Discussion
The findings discussed two main objectives, namely, (1) the development of the 10IBLP-I instrument to measure the level of IB learner profile among IBWS MOE students, and (2) to examine the 10IBLP-I psychometric properties based on the Rasch measurement model as well as confirmatory factor analysis. The combination of the CTT underlying the confirmatory factor analysis with the item response theory (IRT) for Rasch analysis is capable of producing robust and detailed validity and reliability compared to the study by Walker et al. [
12], which tested the developed instrument based on the CTT only. Overall, the 10IBLP-I tested has good psychometric properties based on the 10 specified constructs; therefore, this study has filled the gap in the Walker et al. [
12] study, which had only addressed four constructs. The final items in 10IBLP-I include a total of 44 items compared to 27 items in the IBLPQ.
Besides that, the development of this instrument has undergone a thorough process and taken into account the literature review and the views of IBWS MOE staff so that the constructed items meet the context of IBMYP practice in government schools in Malaysia. Therefore, this study also fulfills the gap related to the involvement of IBMYP students as the research sample, considering that most past studies have selected DP students as research samples, including Walker et al. [
12]. Meanwhile, Bryant et al. [
13] selected a sample of DP students with experience in IBMYP or PYP. However, this study did not use the Fuzzy Delphi method to generate items, as performed by Walker et al. [
12]. Furthermore, the samples of the studies involved various countries in Southeast Asia, and comprised various races and religions compared to this study, which only used a homogenous research sample involving year four students from IBWS MOE who are mostly Malays. Besides, the sample size of this study was rather limited and this resulted in unsatisfactory construct validity analysis, with an average variance extracted (AVE) value approaching 0.50 [
69]. In addition, both researches met all the requirements for model fit indices as an indicator for construct validity.
Other than construct validity, Walker et al. [
12] also measured convergent validity and discriminant validity for the IBLPQ measurement model, which comprised all of the 31 items for the pilot study. The convergent validity of the items was measured using three methods, namely, factor loading value, average variance extracted (AVE), and composite reliability (CR). The findings showed that all items have a factor loading value above the specified threshold value of 0.7, as suggested by Tabachnick and Fidell [
32]. Subsequently, the AVE value was measured using four constructs, namely, knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded. The AVE value between 0.46 and 0.63 showed that the 31 items were in accordance with the constructs of knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded. The composite reliability value also showed the same reliability value or above the specified threshold value between 0.7 and 0.91. Meanwhile, the discriminant validity for the IBLPQ measurement model was measured using four methods, namely, the square root of the AVE correlation value, Kenny’s mediation model with Chi-square statistics, Kenny’s mediation model with a model fit, and Anderson and Gerbing’s test. The findings of the discriminant validity analysis for all methods used showed that all four constructs have good discriminant validity.
Furthermore, the convergent validity of the IBLPQ measurement model for the 27 items was measured using three methods, namely, the factor loading value, AVE, and composite reliability. The findings showed that all of the items have a factor loading value above the specified threshold value of 0.7, as suggested by Tabachnick and Fidell [
32]. Subsequently, the AVE value was measured using four constructs, namely, knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded. The AVE value between 0.4 and 0.65 showed that all items were in accordance with the constructs of knowledgeable, caring, inquirers, and open-minded. The composite reliability value also showed the same reliability value or above the specified threshold value between 0.84 and 0.92. The findings of the discriminant validity analysis for the IBLPQ measurement model also showed that all four constructs have good discriminant validity.
Based on the comparison of AVE values between the constructs of caring (0.482), open-minded (0.782), knowledgeable (0.53), and inquirers (0.599), between 10IBLP-I and IBLPQ, the AVE value for this study is much better. Walker et al. [
12] stated that the construct of inquirers obtained an AVE value of 0.40 compared to that in 10IBLP-I with a value of 0.599. This shows that 10IBLP-I has better psychometric properties in terms of convergent validity. However, similar to the findings by Walker et al. [
12], the discriminant validity index in this study is poor because there was a correlation value between two constructs that exceeded the threshold value of 0.85 [
70], namely, risk-takers and communicators. The correlational value between the two was 0.89 and this might be due to the confusion of students while answering the questions, considering that the operational definitions of the two constructs include the involvement of students in the collaborative network and teamwork spirit [
6].
The reliability index analysis has been fulfilled at the levels of pilot and field studies based on (1) the item reliability index, respondent reliability index, and internal consistency index (Cronbach’s alpha) for Rasch analysis, and (2) composite reliability (CR) index and Cronbach’s alpha for the construct validity analysis. The findings for all reliability indices in this study were in line with the study by Walker et al. [
12], which exceeded the threshold value of 0.70 [
49,
50]. Therefore, both 10IBLP-I and IBLPQ instruments have been proven to have a high level of consistency on most of the study samples.
Since 10IBLP-I was tested based on the Rasch measurement model, it is fair to address that this study has bridged the gap addressed in a past study, given that the IBLPQ was only developed based on the CTT Walker et al. [
12]. The Rasch measurement model, founded by Georg Rasch in 1960, is a complete statistical method, and has the uniqueness of mathematical properties based on a parameter model that combines the difficulty level of items and the capabilities of the respondents, which further involves interactions between the two on a similar logit scale [
62]. The selection of Rasch analysis at the pilot stage was due to its stability without being affected by the sample size [
71]. Hence, the analysis results at the pilot level can help the researchers enhance the psychometric properties of the 10IBLP-I developed [
48], before conducting a field study that involves a larger sample size. Besides, the Rasch measurement model can modify the four options on the Likert scale for each ordinal-scale data item to a scale in line with the size of the logits unit. In contrast to Walker et al. [
12], who used a five-point Likert scale, the selection of the four-point Likert scale was more appropriate with this research sample and met all six criteria specified by Linacre [
55]. As such, the students would not face any difficulty in making decisions that best represent them.
At the Rasch analytics stage, the calibration between students and their response to the items can determine the compatibility of each item constructed in the model, which subsequently prevents item repetition on the same measure [
72]. Through precise testing, based on the MNSQ value in the range of 0.77 to 1.30 [
49], the PTMEA CORR value, and local independence, only quality items are retained for the next testing. The local independence can also ensure that each constructed item only measures latent construct and do not overlap with each other [
73]. This analysis also proves the unidimensionality of the developed instrument. Unidimensionality assumption compliance is a key aspect in the Rasch measurement model, assuming that the items in this instrument have a single capacity [
42]. This is an early indication of good construct validity at the field study level.
Research Limitations
There are several limitations to this study. The first limitation is that the 10IBLP-I was developed using the Malay language; hence, the instrument should be also translated to English so that it can be used in all IBWS around the world. The second limitation is related to the small sample size, as the target population of this study is year four students in IBWS MOE. The reason is due to the recognition of IBWS MOE, which in its fifth year and schools are still in the process of improving the IBMYP implementation based on IBO standards and requirements. The 10IBLP-I was also developed based on the standards and operational definitions specified by IBO, which explains why this instrument is more suitable to be used by the current IBWS. Hence, this is also a limitation for 10IBLP-I as it is applicable to IBWS only.
6. Conclusions
This article aims to identify whether the developed 10IBLP-I instrument has good psychometric properties based on the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory factor analysis. The study shows that 44 items meet the psychometric properties, with good validity and reliability. The findings also proved that a combination of the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory factor analysis can produce robust and consistent items with clear structures, and correspond to each construct. Overall, 10IBLP-I is an instrument that can be used to measure the level of IB learner profile among students who attend IBMYP either locally or overseas. In the research context, the development of 10IBLP-I by merging the analysis of the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory factor analysis has provided a theoretical implication in terms of empirical evidence related to the 10 attributes of the IB learner profile, namely, inquirers, knowledgeable, thinkers, communicators, principled, open-mindedness, caring, risk-takers, balanced, and reflective. Besides, the developed instrument to measure the level of IB learner profile among IBWS MOE students has empirical evidence of good psychometric properties, such as high validity and reliability. Accordingly, 10IBLP-I with good psychometric properties can be used by the Malaysia Ministry of Education to measure the level of IB learner profile among IBWS MOE students, to assess the effectiveness of IBMYP implementation of 10 IBWS MOE schools. Additionally, the use of 10IBLP-I in measuring the level of IB learner profile is not only limited to students of IBWS MOE, but also to students who attended IBMYP in private schools and MARA Junior Science College. In line with this recommendation, a further study can be carried out to identify the level of IB learner profile not only among the students of IBWS MOE, but also students who attend IBMYP in private schools and MARA Junior Science College, using 10IBLP-I and evaluation of the effectiveness of IBMYP implementation in the schools. Future researchers are also recommended to identify student profiles based on gender as well as types and school locations, by using 10IBLP-I. Moreover, 10IBLP-I can be adapted to the nine student profiles in the national curriculum so that it applies to other government secondary schools in Malaysia. This research also can be expanding with the measurement invariance analysis to further validate the instrument, such as differential item functioning (DIF), across demographic profile.