The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Descriptive Statistics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Diet Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Disease; Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series 916); WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
- Kerksick, C.M.; Arent, S.; Schoenfeld, B.J.; Stout, J.R.; Campbell, B.; Wilborn, C.D.; Taylor, L.; Kalman, D.; Smith-Ryan, A.E.; Kreider, R.; et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2017, 14, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelly, F.E.; Thurecht, R. Evaluation of Athletes’ Food Choices during Competition with Use of Digital Images. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stellingwerff, T.; Bovim, I.M.; Whitfield, J. Contemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2019, 29, 106–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belval, L.N.; Hosokawa, Y.; Casa, D.J.; Adams, W.M.; Armstrong, L.E.; Baker, L.B.; Burke, L.; Cheuvront, S.; Chiampas, G.; González-Alonso, J.; et al. Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- American College of Sports Medicine; American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Joint Position Statement: Nutrition and athletic performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 2130–2145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- American College of Sports Medicine; Sawka, M.N.; Burke, L.M.; Eichner, E.R.; Maughan, R.J.; Montain, S.J.; Stachenfeld, N.S. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39, 377–390. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hull, M.V.; Jagim, A.R.; Oliver, J.M.; Greenwood, M.; Busteed, D.R.; Jones, M.T. Gender differences and access to a sports dietitian influence dietary habits of collegiate athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016, 13, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heaney, S.; O’Connor, H.; Michael, S.; Gifford, J.; Naughton, G.; Heaney, S.; O’Connor, H.; Michael, S.; Gifford, J.; Naughton, G. Nutrition knowledge in athletes: A systematic review. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2011, 21, 248–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gilis, J.T.; Anderson, D.L.; Morgan, A.L.; Hamady, C.M.; Anderson, D.L. Nutrition knowledge and interest of collegiate athletes at a division I university. J Food Nutr. 2014, 1, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Campa, F.; Toselli, S.; Mazzilli, M.; Gobbo, L.; Coratella, G. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sedeaud, A.; Marc, A.; Marck, A.; Dor, F.; Schipman, J.; Dorsey, M.; Haida, A.; Berthelot, G.; Toussaint, J.-F. BMI, a Performance Parameter for Speed Improvement. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e90183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mascherini, G.; Petri, C.; Ermini, E.; Bini, V.; Calà, P.; Galanti, G.; Modesti, P.A. Overweight in Young Athletes: New Predictive Model of Overfat Condition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reale, R.; Burke, L.M.; Cox, G.R.; Slater, G.; Reale, R.; Burke, L.M.; Cox, G.R.; Slater, G. Body composition of elite Olympic combat sport athletes. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2019, 20, 147–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashwell, M.; Cole, T.J.; Dixon, A.K. Ratio of waist circumference to height is strong predictor of intra-abdominal fat. BMJ 1996, 313, 559–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lam, B.C.C.; Koh, G.C.T.; Chen, C.; Wong, M.T.K.; Fallows, S.J. Comparison of body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0122985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.; Sun, X.; Hardin, J. A note on the tests for clustered matched-pair binary data. Biom. J. 2010, 52, 638–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cochran, W.G. Some methods of strengthening the common chi-square tests. Biometrics 1954, 10, 417–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cappuccio, F.P.; Ji, C.; Donfrancesco, C.; Palmieri, L.; Ippolito, R.; Vanuzzo, D.; Giampaoli, S.; Strazzullo, P. Geographic and socioeconomic variation of sodium and potassium intake in Italy: Results from the MINISAL-GIRCSI programme. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e007467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Progetto Sorveglianza Passi. Available online: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/passi/dati/frutta?tab-container-1=tab1 (accessed on 14 December 2020).
- Alaunyte, I.; Perry, J.L.; Aubrey, T. Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: Does knowledge translate into practice? J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2015, 12, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nascimento, M.; Silva, D.; Ribeiro, S.; Nunes, M.; Almeida, M.; Mendes-Netto, R. Effect of a Nutritional Intervention in Athlete’s Body Composition, Eating Behaviour and Nutritional Knowledge: A Comparison between Adults and Adolescents. Nutrients 2016, 8, 535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleary, M.A.; Hetzler, R.K.; Wasson, D.; Wages, J.J.; Stickley, C.; Kimura, I.F. Hydration Behaviors Before and After an Educational and Prescribed Hydration Intervention in Adolescent Athletes. J. Athl. Train. 2012, 47, 273–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
T1 (n = 87) | T3 (n = 87) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p-Value * | |
Age (years) | 16.5 | 2.9 | 17.0 | 3.0 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 58.2 | 11.4 | 61.2 | 11.8 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 168.9 | 9.1 | 170.3 | 9.1 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.2 | 2.5 | 21.0 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
WHtR | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Underweight (%) | 0.0 | 14.9 | 0.003 | ||
Normal (%) | 94.3 | 79.3 | |||
Overweight (%) | 5.7 | 4.6 | |||
Obese (%) | 0 | 1.1 |
T1 | T3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 41) | Females (n = 46) | Males (n = 41) | Females (n = 46) | p-Value * | ||||||
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Males | Females | |
Age (years) | 16.8 | 3.4 | 16.1 | 2.3 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 16.6 | 2.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 61.7 | 13.4 | 55.0 | 8.1 | 65.7 | 13.6 | 57.2 | 8.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 174.0 | 9.6 | 164.4 | 5.8 | 176.0 | 8.3 | 164.8 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.1 | 2.8 | 20.3 | 2.2 | 20.9 | 2.9 | 21.0 | 2.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
WHtR | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
Underweight (%) | 21.9 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 10.8 | 0.003 | 0.257 | ||||
Normal (%) | 68.4 | 78.2 | 73.2 | 84.7 | ||||||
Overweight (%) | 9.7 | 4.6 | 7.3 | 2.17 | ||||||
Obese (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.17 |
All (n = 87) | Males (n = 41) | Females (n = 46) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (%) | T3 (%) | p-Value * | T1 (%) | T3 (%) | p-Value * | T1 (%) | T3 (%) | p-Value * | |
Fruit | |||||||||
3/4 portions/day | 23.3 | 18.4 | 0.188 | 19.5 | 9.8 | 0.437 | 26.7 | 26.1 | 0.281 |
2 portions/day | 27.9 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 28.9 | 30.4 | |||
1 portion/day | 18.6 | 27.6 | 17.1 | 29.3 | 20.0 | 26.1 | |||
1 portion/3–4 times per week | 19.8 | 16.1 | 22.0 | 17.1 | 17.8 | 15.2 | |||
1 portion/3–4 times per month | 8.1 | 8.0 | 12.2 | 17.1 | 4.4 | 0 | |||
Never | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | |||
Vegetables | |||||||||
2 times per day | 33.3 | 34.1 | 0.010 | 19.5 | 24.4 | 0.042 | 45.7 | 43.5 | 0.109 |
1 time per day | 23.0 | 27.3 | 24.4 | 24.4 | 21.7 | 28.3 | |||
3–4 per week | 16.1 | 15.9 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 8.7 | 10.9 | |||
1–2 per week | 11.5 | 18.2 | 9.8 | 22.0 | 13.0 | 15.2 | |||
1–2 per month | 6.9 | 4.5 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 2.2 | |||
Never | 9.2 | 0.0 | 12.2 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | |||
Legumes | |||||||||
Everyday | 1.1 | 6.8 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 7.3 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
3–4 per week | 12.6 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 10.9 | 17.4 | |||
1–2 per week | 40.2 | 59.1 | 36.6 | 53.7 | 43.5 | 65.2 | |||
1–2 per month | 24.1 | 0.0 | 24.4 | 0.0 | 23.9 | 0.0 | |||
Never | 21.8 | 19.3 | 24.4 | 26.8 | 19.6 | 13.0 | |||
Fish | |||||||||
Everyday | 1.2 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.012 |
3–4 per week | 10.5 | 20.7 | 9.8 | 17.1 | 10.9 | 23.9 | |||
1–2 per week | 55.8 | 60.9 | 48.8 | 56.1 | 60.9 | 63.0 | |||
1–2 per month | 24.4 | 0.0 | 29.3 | 0.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 | |||
Never | 8.1 | 18.4 | 12.2 | 24.4 | 4.3 | 13.0 | |||
Meat | |||||||||
2 times per day | 3.6 | 4.7 | 0.500 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 0.336 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
1 time per day | 40.5 | 29.4 | 51.3 | 31.7 | 31.1 | 27.3 | |||
3–4 per week | 36.9 | 47.1 | 33.3 | 41.5 | 40.0 | 52.3 | |||
1–2 per week | 17.9 | 17.6 | 10.0 | 17.1 | 24.4 | 18.2 | |||
1–2 per month | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | |||
Never | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | |||
Nuts | |||||||||
2 times per day | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.001 | 4.9 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.118 |
1 time per day | 11.5 | 9.3 | 4.9 | 12.2 | 17.4 | 6.5 | |||
3–4 per week | 8.0 | 18.6 | 9.8 | 12.2 | 6.5 | 23.9 | |||
1–2 per week | 18.4 | 44.2 | 12.2 | 36.6 | 23.9 | 47.8 | |||
1–2 per month | 37.9 | 26.7 | 36.6 | 34.1 | 39.1 | 19.6 | |||
Never | 20.7 | 0.0 | 31.7 | 0.0 | 10.9 | 0.0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Terenzio, A.; Cassera, A.; Gervasoni, A.; Pozzi, A.; Orlando, A.; Greco, A.; Palestini, P.; Cazzaniga, E. The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147313
Terenzio A, Cassera A, Gervasoni A, Pozzi A, Orlando A, Greco A, Palestini P, Cazzaniga E. The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147313
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerenzio, Annalisa, Alice Cassera, Adriano Gervasoni, Alessandra Pozzi, Antonina Orlando, Andrea Greco, Paola Palestini, and Emanuela Cazzaniga. 2021. "The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147313