Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hypothetical Usage Scenariosd
2.2. Dose Assessment Methodology
2.2.1. Effective Dose Coefficients
2.2.2. External Dose Assessment
2.2.3. Internal Dose Assessment
2.2.4. Total Effective Dose
2.3. Microshield Code
2.4. Integrated Module for Bioassay Analysis (IMBA) Code
2.5. Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) Code
3. Results
3.1. Age-Dependent Dose Calculation
3.2. Internal Dose Calculation Using IMBA Code
3.3. External Dose Using Microshield Code
3.4. Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) Code
3.5. Code Comparison for External and Internal Dose Calculations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product Categories | EU Classifications | Usage Location | Average Usage Time (per Day) | Assumed Condition for Overuse | Exposure Pathways | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Use [12] | Overuse Day | |||||
Pillows | Existing Products | Head, neck | 7 h 50 min | 9 h 50 min | Sickness/oversleeping | Inhalation |
Latex Mattress | Existing Products | Whole body | 7 h 50 min | 9 h 50 min | Sickness/oversleeping | Inhalation |
Clothing | Existing Products | Depending on usage | 24 h | 1 day 2 h | overuse | Inhalation |
Necklace | Existing Products | Neck | 8 h 7 min | 10 h 7 min | overuse | Inhalation |
Bracelets | Existing Products | Hand | 8 h 7 min | 10 h 7 min | overuse | Inhalation |
Amnion Patch | Existing Products | Body for wound covering | 8 h 7 min | 10 h 7 min | overuse | Inhalation and ingestion |
Cosmetics | Existing Products | Face and body | 8 h 7min | 10 h 7 min | Accidental Ingestion | Ingestion |
Dippers | Existing Products | Depending on usage | 20 min | 2 h 20 min | overuse | Inhalation |
Slippers | Existing Products | Foot wares | 5 h 1 min | 7 h 1 min | overuse | Inhalation |
Health Supplements | Existing Products | Waist, abdomen, etc. | 5 h 1 min | 7 h 1 min | overuse | External and inhalation |
Nuclide | T1/2 | Effective Dose Coefficient for Inhalation (Sv/Bq) [15]. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | fi | 1 Year Old | 10-Year-Old | Adult | ||
238U | 4.468 × 109 | F | 0.02 | 1.3 × 10−6 | 7.3 × 10−4 | 5.0 × 10−7 |
M | 0.02 | 9.4 × 10−6 | 4.0 × 10−4 | 2.9 × 10−6 | ||
S | 0.002 | 2.5 × 10−6 | 1.0 × 10−4 | 8.0 × 10−6 | ||
232Th | 1.405 × 101 | F | 0.0005 | 2.2 × 10−6 | 1.3 × 10−4 | 1.1 × 10−4 |
M | 0.0005 | 8.1 × 10−5 | 5.0 × 10−5 | 4.5 × 10−5 | ||
S | 0.0005 | 5.0 × 10−5 | 2.6 × 10−5 | 2.5 × 10−5 | ||
40K | 1.28 × 109 | F | 1.0 | 1.7 × 10−8 | 4.5 × 10−9 | 2.1 × 10−9 |
Effective Dose Coefficient for Ingestion (Sv/Bq) [15]. | ||||||
238U | 4.468 × 109 | - | 0.02 | 1.2 × 10−7 | 6.8 × 10−8 | 4.5 × 10−8 |
232Th | 1.405 × 101 | - | 0.0005 | 4.5 × 10−7 | 2.9 × 10−7 | 2.3 × 10−7 |
40K | 1.28 × 109 | - | 1.0 | 4.2 × 10−8 | 1.3 × 10−8 | 6.2 × 10−9 |
Effective Dose Coefficient for External Exposure extracted and calculated from ICRP 144) (Sv/h per Bq/g) [16]. | ||||||
238U | 4.468 × 109 | - | - | 1.48 × 10−16 | 1.15 × 10−16 | 9.44 × 10−17 |
232Th | 1.40 × 101 | - | - | 5.06 × 10−16 | 4.02 × 10−16 | 3.37 × 10−16 |
40K | 1.28 × 109 | - | - | 4.39 × 10−13 | 3.79 × 10−13 | 3.46 × 10−13 |
Age-dependent Inhalation rate extracted from ICRP recommendations 1975, 2004 [17]. | ||||||
Unit | Inhalation rate of 1 m3/h or 24 m3/d equivalents to 1225 g/h | |||||
m3/d | - | - | - | 5.1 | 15.2 | 22.2 |
m3/hr | - | - | - | 0.2125 | 0.63 | 0.925 |
g/hr | - | - | - | 260 | 775 | 1331.13 |
Code | Models | Assumptions | Purpose | Scope |
---|---|---|---|---|
IMBA | Dosimetric | ICRP Publications 60 and 68, 26 and 30 or 10CFR 835 | Dosimetric calculation | Internal dose calculation |
Biokinetic | Bioassay Sample calculation | |||
Microshield | ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977 standards | Point kernel | Calculating gamma-ray shielding and dose prediction. | External dose calculation |
VMC | In vivo bioassay | Monte Carlo method for radiation transport and human body voxel simulator with ICRP 110 adult male and female computational voxel phantoms | Calculating the calibration factor of energy | Estimating both external and internal dose using ICRP Voxel male and female phantom |
Dose calculation | Calculating tissue and effective doses for geometry and radionuclides |
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Joseph, S.R.; Kim, J. Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147337
Joseph SR, Kim J. Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147337
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoseph, Soja Reuben, and Juyoul Kim. 2021. "Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147337