The Relationship among Community Environment, Behavior, Activity Ability, and Self-Rated Health of Older Adults: A Hierarchical and Multi-Dimensional Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Procedures
2.2. Variable Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of Samples
3.2. Fitting Result of the Whole Sample Model
3.3. Comparison of Model Differences between the Younger and Older Elderly Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SEM | Structural Equation Modeling |
CNY | Chinese Yuan |
CFI | Comparative Fit Index |
AGFI | Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index |
IFI | Incremental Fit Index |
GFI | Goodness-of-Fit Index |
RMSEA | Root Mean Square Error of Approximation |
X2/DF | Chi-Square/Degree of Freedom |
ADL | Activity of Daily Living |
IADL | Instrumental Activity of Daily Living |
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Latent Variables | Observed Variables | Mean (All) | Mean (The Younger Elderly) | Mean (The Older Elderly) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable Older Adults Health | Self-rated health (SRH) | 2.35 | 2.52 | 2.08 | |
Activity Ability (ACA) | ACA1: Shopping | 2.62 | 2.84 | 1.96 | |
ACA2: Going out | 3.09 | 3.40 | 2.31 | ||
ACA3: Cooking | 2.53 | 2.76 | 1.90 | ||
ACA4: Housekeeping | 3.26 | 3.54 | 2.58 | ||
ACA5: Laundry | 1.67 | 1.84 | 1.23 | ||
ACA6: Ability to use phone | 2.87 | 2.97 | 2.48 | ||
ACA7: Ability to handle finances | 2.62 | 1.98 | 1.58 | ||
Independent Variable Community Environment | Walking Supportive Environment (WSE) | WSE1: Suitable to walk | 3.31 | 3.33 | 3.32 |
WSE2: Exercise opportunity provided | 3.00 | 3.02 | 3.05 | ||
WSE3: Plenty of trees in the community | 3.14 | 3.11 | 3.25 | ||
WSE4: Residents are attracted to walk | 3.32 | 3.27 | 3.45 | ||
WSE5: Residents are attracted to exercise | 3.18 | 3.16 | 3.27 | ||
WSE6: Exercise facilities provided | 2.95 | 2.97 | 2.98 | ||
WSE7: Convenient to walk | 3.35 | 3.70 | 3.61 | ||
Sensory Supportive Environment (SSE) | SSE1: Attractive environment | 2.92 | 2.92 | 2.68 | |
SSE2: Clean and neat | 3.61 | 3.61 | 3.65 | ||
SSE3: Interesting buildings | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.76 | ||
Intermediary Variables Behavior | Neighbor Contacts (NC) | NC1: Help | 2.37 | 2.45 | 2.13 |
NC2: Communication | 2.34 | 2.51 | 2.04 | ||
NC3: Chat | 2.44 | 2.51 | 2.17 | ||
NC4: Care | 1.91 | 1.96 | 1.77 | ||
NC5: Activity | 2.15 | 2.18 | 1.87 | ||
Walking (WAL) | WAL1: Walking frequency | 4.20 | 4.50 | 3.44 | |
WAL2: Walking time | 28.6 | 31.25 | 22.5 | ||
Control variables | Income | 3.33 | 3.30 | 3.22 | |
Education | 2.24 | 2.17 | 1.95 | ||
Age | 72.45 | 67.19 | 83.57 |
Independent Variable | Intermediary Variables | Dependent Variable | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighbor Contacts | Walking | Activity Ability | Self-Rated Health | |||||||
Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | ||
Community Environment | 0.182 *** | 0.194 *** | 0.160 *** | 0.034 *** | 0.069 ** | −0.010 | 0.079 ** | 0.159 *** | 0.126 *** | 0.033 *** |
Neighbor Contacts | 0.184 *** | 0.184 *** | 0.209 *** | 0.163 ** | 0.046 *** | 0.066 ** | −0.013 | 0.079 *** | ||
Walking | 0.252 *** | 0.252 *** | 0.152 *** | 0.073 ** | 0.078 *** | |||||
Activity Ability | 0.311 *** | 0.311 *** |
Independent Variable | Intermediary Variables | Dependent Variable | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighbor Contacts | Walking | Activity Ability | Self-Rated Health | ||||||||
Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | |||
The Younger Elderly | Community Environment | 0.145 *** | 0.183 *** | 0.168 *** | 0.015 *** | 0.155 *** | 0.108 | 0.047 *** | 0.152 *** | 0.114 *** | 0.038 *** |
Neighbor Contacts | 0.102 ** | 0.102 ** | 0.091 ** | 0.070 | 0.021 ** | −0.007 | −0.047 | 0.024 | |||
Walking | 0.201 *** | 0.201 ** | 0.107 ** | 0.068 | 0.039 *** | ||||||
Activity Ability | 0.192 *** | 0.192 *** | |||||||||
The Older Elderly | Community Environment | 0.217 *** | 0.164 ** | 0.107 | 0.057 *** | −0.005 | −0.094 | 0.089 | 0.142 ** | 0.127 ** | 0.015 |
Neighbor Contacts | 0.261 *** | 0.261 *** | 0.285 *** | 0.219 *** | 0.066 *** | 0.126 ** | 0.013 | 0.113 *** | |||
Walking | 0.252 *** | 0.252 *** | 0.165 *** | 0.085 | 0.080 *** | ||||||
Activity Ability | 0.319 *** | 0.319 *** |
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Zheng, Z.; Chen, H. The Relationship among Community Environment, Behavior, Activity Ability, and Self-Rated Health of Older Adults: A Hierarchical and Multi-Dimensional Comparative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147387
Zheng Z, Chen H. The Relationship among Community Environment, Behavior, Activity Ability, and Self-Rated Health of Older Adults: A Hierarchical and Multi-Dimensional Comparative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147387
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Zhenhua, and Hong Chen. 2021. "The Relationship among Community Environment, Behavior, Activity Ability, and Self-Rated Health of Older Adults: A Hierarchical and Multi-Dimensional Comparative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147387