Quantifying the Variability of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Largest Water Tower Region Globally
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Detect where and during which time periods forests are likely becoming increasingly vulnerable to natural context stress, environmental disturbances, and socioeconomic impacts.
- (2)
- Map forest vulnerability across the QTP region and delimit the degree of protection required in different areas based on the FVI.
- (3)
- Understand the behavior of the vulnerability relative to its driving factors.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Collection and Processing
2.3. Framework of Index System for Forest Vulnerability Evaluation
2.4. Operation of Indices and Factors
2.5. Method for Determining Ecological Protection-Oriented and Vulnerability-Based Spatial Pattern of Forest Protection
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Forest Vulnerability Relevant to Natural and Human Factors
3.2. Comprehensive Forest Vulnerability in the QTP
3.3. Heterogeneity of Forest Vulnerability under Different Terrains
3.4. Ecological Protection-Oriented Spatial Pattern of Forest Vulnerability
3.4.1. Strict Protection Region
3.4.2. Focal Protection Region
3.4.3. Composite Protection Region
4. Discussion
4.1. Drivers of Forest Vulnerability Change
4.2. Management Implications for Forest Ecosystem Management in Large Water Tower Regions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PC Layers | Eigenvalue | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VNF | VED | VSI | |||||||
2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | |
1 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
2 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
3 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
4 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||||||
5 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.12 | ||||||
6 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.11 | ||||||
7 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | ||||||
8 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||||
9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Factors | Principal Components | Contribution (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | Ⅶ | Ⅷ | Ⅸ | ||
Eigenvalue (10−2) | ||||||||||
0.61 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | ||
Eigenvectors | ||||||||||
ASPECT | 0.6923 | 0.7187 | −0.0633 | 0.0096 | −0.0066 | 0.0052 | −0.0033 | 0.0022 | −0.0035 | 52.66 |
FOREST COVERAGE | −0.4490 | 0.4777 | 0.5256 | 0.1596 | 0.1937 | −0.1169 | −0.4172 | −0.1976 | −0.0643 | 7.15 |
SOIL OGANIC MATTER | −0.0718 | 0.0828 | 0.0806 | 0.2447 | 0.1338 | −0.7345 | 0.5773 | 0.0696 | 0.1618 | 1.94 |
TEMPERATURE | 0.2145 | −0.1770 | 0.4096 | 0.1977 | 0.0303 | −0.0275 | −0.1588 | 0.7939 | −0.2424 | 13.27 |
WIND SPEED | −0.2585 | 0.1873 | −0.6645 | 0.3378 | 0.4556 | 0.0578 | −0.1115 | 0.2652 | −0.2209 | −10.13 |
PERCIPITATION | 0.3048 | −0.2786 | 0.2217 | 0.6000 | 0.4080 | 0.3170 | 0.1207 | −0.3623 | 0.0865 | 18.33 |
NPP | −0.2465 | 0.2554 | 0.2073 | −0.1374 | 0.0320 | 0.4829 | 0.6609 | 0.0870 | −0.3655 | 7.35 |
SLOPE | 0.1323 | −0.1023 | 0.1057 | −0.6168 | 0.7537 | −0.0749 | −0.0166 | 0.0288 | 0.0751 | 4.67 |
DEM | −0.1730 | 0.1696 | 0.0256 | 0.0443 | 0.0220 | 0.3217 | 0.0579 | 0.3405 | 0.8458 | 4.75 |
Total | 100 |
Factors | Principal Components | Contribution (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | ||
Eigenvalue | ||||
0.26 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ||
Eigenvectors | ||||
SOIL EROSION | 0.0007 | 0.0031 | 0.9999 | 0.09 |
FLOOD | 0.6620 | −0.7495 | 0.0019 | 37.63 |
LANDSLIDE | 0.7495 | 0.6620 | −0.0026 | 62.28 |
Total | 100 |
Factors | Principal Components | Contribution (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | ||
Eigenvalue | ||||
0.08 | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||
Eigenvectors | ||||
ROAD | 0.7136 | −0.6559 | −0.2463 | 11.35 |
FARMLAND | 0.5306 | 0.7355 | −0.4212 | 45.09 |
BUDING LAND | 0.4574 | 0.1699 | 0.8729 | 43.56 |
Total | 100 |
Vulnerability Index | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|
VNF | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.46 |
VED | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
VSI | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
FVI | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.67 |
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Sun, S.; Lü, Y.; Lü, D.; Wang, C. Quantifying the Variability of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Largest Water Tower Region Globally. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147529
Sun S, Lü Y, Lü D, Wang C. Quantifying the Variability of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Largest Water Tower Region Globally. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147529
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Siqi, Yihe Lü, Da Lü, and Cong Wang. 2021. "Quantifying the Variability of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Largest Water Tower Region Globally" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147529