How Effective Is the Green Development Policy of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt? A Quantitative Evaluation Based on the PMC-Index Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Design
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. PMC-Index Model
- Apply Equations (1) and (2) to design the first-level variables. Then, the second-level variables are extended in a standardized form. The second-level variables are derived from first-level variables, and the sum of the ratios of the scores of the second-level variables to the number of second-level variables represents the value of the first-level variables. All the variables involved are aligned to fit a [0, 1] distribution.
- Assign PMC-Index values. Using content from the policy texts, the second-level variables identified in Step 1 are assigned using the binary counting method. If the content related to the second-level variable appears in the policy text, it is coded as a 1, otherwise, it is 0. Then, the multi-input–output policy table is constructed.
- Calculate the PMC-Index. Using Step 2, the scores of the second-level variables are added up under each first-level variable. The algorithm is shown in Equation (3). In Equation (3), it is the ordinal number of the first-level variable; j is the ordinal number of the second-level variable; Xt is the t-th first-level variable; Xtj is the score of the second-level variable; T(Xtj) is the number of the second-level variable under the corresponding first-level variable.
- According to Equation (4), the PMC-Surface charts are constructed.
3.3. Variable Design
3.4. PMC-Surface Construction
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Multi-Input–Output Tables
4.2. Comparison of 6 Green Development Policies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Policy Text Name | Date |
---|---|---|
P1 | Notice on Revising and Issuing “Special Management Measures for Central Budget Investment in Major Regional Development Strategies Construction (Green Development Direction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt)” | 9 April 2021 |
P2 | “Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Long-term Mechanism for Pollution Prevention and Control from Ships and Ports in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 27 March 2021 |
P3 | Notice on Issuing the “Implementation Plan for Strengthening Prevention and Control of Tailing Ponds Pollution in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 26 February 2021 |
P4 | “Guiding Opinions on Improving Sewage Treatment Charging Mechanisms in Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 7 April 2020 |
P5 | “Notice on Issuing the Remediation Plan for Prominent Pollution Issues from Ships and Ports in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 17 January 2020 |
P6 | “Notice on Strengthening the Ecological Flow Oversight of Small Hydropower Stations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 21 August 2019 |
P7 | “Notice on Issuing the Key Work Points for Promoting Green Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas along the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2019” | 19 March 2019 |
P8 | “Opinions on Carrying out the Rectification of Small Hydropower in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 6 December 2018 |
P9 | “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Afforestation in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 24 February 2016 |
P10 | “Implementation Opinions on Supporting the Green Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 11 September 2018 |
P11 | “Notice on Issuing the Three-Year Action Plan for Further Development of Multimodal Transport in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 13 August 2018 |
P12 | “Guiding Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Long-term Mechanism of Ecological Compensation and Protection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 13 February 2018 |
P13 | Notice on Issuing the “Implementation Plan of the Central Finance Promotion Policy for Ecological Protection and Restoration of the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 30 January 2018 |
P14 | “Guiding Opinions on Promoting Green Shipping Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 4 August 2017 |
P15 | “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Green Industry Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 30 June 2017 |
P16 | “Guiding Opinions on Accelerating Postal Industry Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt” | 1 November 2016 |
Number | First-Level Variables | Number | Second-Level Variables | Number | Second-Level Variables |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | Policy nature | X1.1 | Oversight | X1.2 | Prediction |
X1.3 | Recommendation | X1.4 | Experimentation | ||
X2 | Policy function | X2.1 | Normative guidance | X2.2 | Classified oversight |
X2.3 | Collaborative management | X2.4 | Overall coordination | ||
X3 | Policy timeliness | X3.1 | Short term (<3 years) | X3.2 | Medium-term (3–5 years) |
X3.3 | Long term (>5 years) | ||||
X4 | Content evaluation | X4.1 | Sufficient basis | X4.2 | Detailed planning |
X4.3 | Scientific program | X4.4 | Specific goals | ||
X4.5 | Distinctive features | ||||
X5 | Social benefits | X5.1 | Environmental protection | X5.2 | Green development |
X5.3 | Circular economy | X5.4 | Sustainability | ||
X5.5 | Sound mechanism | X5.6 | Win-win cooperation | ||
X6 | Policy objects | X6.1 | Industry | X6.2 | Enterprise |
X6.3 | Related departments | ||||
X7 | Policy subjects | X7.1 | State Council | X7.2 | National ministries |
X8 | Incentives and constraints | X8.1 | Economic incentives | X8.2 | Tax concessions |
X8.3 | Financial subsidy | X8.4 | Convenient service | ||
X8.5 | Administrative penalty | X8.6 | Capital investment | ||
X9 | Implementation guarantee | X9.1 | Assessment | X9.2 | Publicity and guidance |
X9.3 | Self-regulation | X9.4 | Government regulation | ||
X9.5 | Law rules | X9.6 | Policy support | ||
X9.7 | Social oversight | X9.8 | Technological innovation | ||
X10 | Policy disclosure |
Number | Variable | Evaluation Criteria |
---|---|---|
X1 | X1.1 Oversight | Whether the policy has oversight characteristics; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X1.2 Prediction | Whether the policy is predictive; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X1.3 Recommendation | Whether the policy has recommended content; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X1.4 Experimentation | Whether the policy contains pilot demonstration projects; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X2 | X2.1 Normative guidance | Whether the policy has the function of normative guidance; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X2.2 Classified oversight | Whether the policy to be evaluated has the function of classified oversight; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X2.3 Collaborative management | Whether the policy has the function of collaborative management; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X2.4 Overall coordination | Whether the policy has the function of coordinating all forces; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X3 | X3.1 Short term | Whether the policy involves short-term impact (terms <3 years); if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X3.2 Medium-term | Whether the policy involves medium-term impact (3–5 years); if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X3.3 Long term | Whether the policy involves long-term impact (terms >5 years); if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X4 | X4.1 Sufficient basis | Whether the problem basis of the policy is sufficient; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X4.2 Detailed planning | Whether the content of the policy is detailed; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X4.3 Scientific program | Whether the policy plan is scientific and reasonable; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X4.4 Specific goals | Whether the goal of the policy is specific; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X4.5 Distinctive features | Whether the policy has customized regional characteristics; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X5 | X5.1 Environmental protection | Whether the policy has contributed to improving the efficiency of environmental governance; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X5.2 Green development | Whether the policy contributes to green development; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X5.3 Circular economy | Whether the policy attaches importance to circular economy development; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X5.4 Sustainability | Whether the policy attaches importance to sustainable development; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X5.5 Sound mechanism | Whether the policy has the utility of a sound mechanism; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X5.6 Win-win cooperation | Whether the policy advocates collaborative governance and win-win cooperation; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X6 | X6.1 Industry | Whether the policy object includes industry; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X6.2 Enterprise | Whether the policy object includes enterprises; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X6.3 Related departments | Whether the policy object includes related departments; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X7 | X7.1 State Council | Whether the subject of the policy is the State Council; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X7.2 National ministries | Whether the subject of the policy is a national ministry; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X8 | X8.1 Economic incentives | Whether the policy contains measures for economic incentives; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X8.2 Tax concessions | Whether the policy includes measures for tax concessions; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X8.3 Financial subsidy | Whether the policy includes measures for financial subsidies; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X8.4 Convenient service | Whether the policy involves content that facilitates services; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X8.5 Administrative penalty | Whether the policy involves the administrative penalties; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X8.6 Capital investment | Whether the policy involves the capital investment; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9 | X9.1 Assessment | Whether the policy involves assessment; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X9.2 Publicity and guidance | Whether the policy involves publicity and guidance; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.3 Self-regulation | Whether the policy involves self-regulation; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.4 Government regulation | Whether the policy involves government oversight; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.5 Law rules | Whether the policy involves legal rules; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.6 Policy support | Whether the policy involves policy support; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.7 Social oversight | Whether the policy involves social oversight; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X9.8 Technological innovation | Whether the policy involves technological innovation; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 | |
X10 | Whether the policy is open and transparent; if yes, it is 1; if no, it is 0 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1.1 | X1.2 | X1.3 | X1.4 | X2.1 | X2.2 | X2.3 | X2.4 | X3.1 | X3.2 | X3.3 | |
P1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
P2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
P3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
P4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
…… | …… | …… | |||||||||
P15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
P16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
…… | |||||||||||
X6 | X7 | X8 | |||||||||
P1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
P2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
P3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
P4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
…… | …… | …… | |||||||||
P15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
…… |
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 | X10 | PMC-Index | Type | Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 7.04 | Excellent | 8 |
P2 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 7.38 | Excellent | 3 |
…… | |||||||||||||
P11 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 7.83 | Excellent | 1 |
P12 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.83 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 7.13 | Excellent | 6 |
P13 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 5.29 | General | 16 |
P14 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 7.29 | Excellent | 4 |
P15 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 6.75 | General | 11 |
P16 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 6.50 | General | 12 |
Total | 11.00 | 11.25 | 7.33 | 15.40 | 9.00 | 12.33 | 8.00 | 9.17 | 9.83 | 16.00 | -- | -- | -- |
Average | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0.96 | 0.56 | 0.77 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 1.00 | -- | -- | -- |
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Dai, S.; Zhang, W.; Zong, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, G. How Effective Is the Green Development Policy of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt? A Quantitative Evaluation Based on the PMC-Index Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147676
Dai S, Zhang W, Zong J, Wang Y, Wang G. How Effective Is the Green Development Policy of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt? A Quantitative Evaluation Based on the PMC-Index Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147676
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Shengli, Weimin Zhang, Jiamin Zong, Yingying Wang, and Ge Wang. 2021. "How Effective Is the Green Development Policy of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt? A Quantitative Evaluation Based on the PMC-Index Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147676