Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Is there an association between substance use (drinking, smoking and concurrent use) and depression severity?
- Does this association between substance use (drinking, smoking and concurrent use) and depression severity vary by gender?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Depression
2.2.2. Drinking
2.2.3. Smoking
2.2.4. Concurrent Substance Use
2.2.5. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Substance Use
3.3. Association between Substance Use and Depression Severity
3.4. Gender-Specific Associations between Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms
4. Discussion
Strenghts and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (N = 3724) | Gender | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 2469) | Men (n = 1255) | |||
Study, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
LEILA 75+ | 845 (22.7) | 609 (24.7) | 236 (18.8) | |
AgeCoDe | 2879 (77.3) | 1860 (75.3) | 1019 (81.2) | |
Age, M (SD) | 80.01 (3.9) | 80.18 (3.9) | 79.67 (3.8) | <0.001 |
Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Low | 2454 (65.9) | 1697 (68.73) | 757 (60.3) | |
Medium | 809 (21.7) | 556 (22.52) | 253 (20.2) | |
High | 461 (12.4) | 216 (8.75) | 245 (19.5) | |
Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Single/Divorced | 465 (12.5) | 394 (16.0) | 71 (5.7) | |
Married | 1509 (40.5) | 593 (24.0) | 916 (73.0) | |
Widowed | 1750 (47.0) | 1482 (60.0) | 268 (21.3) | |
MMSE, M (SD) | 27.42 (1.9) | 27.34 (1.9) | 27.58 (1.8) | 0.001 |
Total Sample (N = 3724) | Gender | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 2469) | Men (n = 1255) | |||
Drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
No | 1849 (49.6) | 1527 (61.8) | 322 (25.7) | |
Yes | 1875 (50.4) | 942 (38.2) | 933 (74.3) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.013 | |||
No | 3472 (93.2) | 2320 (94.0) | 1152 (91.8) | |
Yes | 252 (6.8) | 149 (6.0) | 103 (8.2) | |
Concurrent use, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
No | 3584 (96.2) | 2406 (97.5) | 1178 (93.9) | |
Yes | 140 (3.8) | 63 (2.5) | 77 (6.1) |
Variable | Main Effects | Variable | Interaction Effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
Coef. | p-Value a | 95% CI b | Coef. | p-Value a | 95% CI b | ||
Age at baseline | 0.02 | 0.005 ** | [0.012; 0.025] | Age at baseline | 0.02 | <0.001 *** | [0.012; 0.025] |
Gender | Gender | ||||||
Women | Ref. c | Women | Ref. c | ||||
Men | −0.116 | <0.001 *** | [−0.175; −0.058] | Men | −0.12 | <0.001 *** | [−0.175; −0.058] |
Education d | Education d | ||||||
Low | Ref. | Low | Ref. | ||||
Medium | −0.04 | 0.171 | [−0.097; 0.017] | Medium | −0.04 | 0.165 | [−0.097; 0.017] |
High | −0.06 | 0.144 | [−0.129; 0.019] | High | −0.06 | 0.144 | [−0.129; 0.019] |
Marital status | Marital status | ||||||
Single/Divorced | Ref. | Single/Divorced | Ref. | ||||
Married, living in partnership | −0.03 | 0.446 | [−0.113; 0.049] | Married, living in partnership | −0.03 | 0.451 | [−0.113; 0.049] |
Widowed | −0.07 | 0.073 | [−0.142; 0.006] | Widowed | −0.07 | 0.074 | [−0.142; 0.006] |
Study | Study | ||||||
LEILA75+ | Ref. | LEILA75+ | Ref. | ||||
AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe | 0.12 | <0.001 *** | [0.068; 0.179] | AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe | 0.12 | <0.001 *** | [0.068; 0.181] |
MMSE e | −0.04 | <0.001 *** | [−0.049; −0.025] | MMSE e | −0.04 | <0.001 *** | [−0.049; −0.025] |
Drinking | Drinking | ||||||
No | Ref. | No | Ref. | ||||
Yes | −0.07 | 0.005 ** | [−0.119; −0.021] | Yes | −0.08 | 0.001 *** | [−0.133; −0.032] |
Smoking | Smoking | ||||||
No | Ref. | No | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.14 | 0.002 ** | [0.051; 0.233] | Yes | 0.03 | 0.625 | [−0.103; 0.171] |
Drinking × Smoking | 0.19 | 0.037 * | [0.011; 0.375] |
Variable | Interaction Effects | Variable | Interaction Effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 3 (Women n = 2469) | Model 4 (Men n = 1255) | ||||||
Coef. | p-Value a | 95% CI b | Coef. | p-Value a | 95% CI b | ||
Age at baseline | 0.02 | <0.001 *** | [0.010; 0.025] | Age at baseline | 0.02 | <0.001 *** | [0.009; 0.031] |
Education d | Education d | ||||||
Low | Ref. c | Low | Ref. | ||||
Medium | −0.06 | 0.094 | [−0.131; 0.010] | Medium | 0.01 | 0.990 | [−0.095; 0.096] |
High | −0.07 | 0.210 | [−0.169; 0.037] | High | −0.04 | 0.448 | [−0.148; 0.065] |
Marital status | Marital status | ||||||
Single/Divorced | Ref. | Single/Divorced | Ref. | ||||
Married, living in partnership | −0.02 | 0.673 | [−0.116; 0.075] | Married, living in partnership | −0.10 | 0.279 | [−0.277; 0.080] |
Widowed | −0.05 | 0.200 | [−0.134; 0.027] | Widowed | −0.16 | 0.123 | [−0.351; 0.042] |
Study | Study | ||||||
LEILA75+ | Ref. | LEILA75+ | Ref. | ||||
AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe | 0.10 | 0.004 ** | [0.032; 0.169] | AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe | 0.17 | <0.001 *** | [0.079; 0.269] |
MMSE e | −0.04 | <0.001 *** | [−0.053; −0.023] | MMSE e | −0.03 | <0.002 ** | [−0.056; −0.012] |
Drinking | Drinking | ||||||
No | Ref. | No | Ref. | ||||
Yes | −0.06 | 0.052 | [−0.120; 0.001] | Yes | −0.14 | 0.004 ** | [−0.231; −0.045] |
Smoking | Smoking | ||||||
No | Ref. | No | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.08 | 0.321 | [−0.079; 0.239] | Yes | 0.13 | 0.335 | [−0.395; 0.135] |
Drinking × Smoking | 0.13 | 0.301 | [−0.113; 0.368] | Drinking × Smoking | 0.39 | 0.013 * | [0.081; 0.695] |
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Quittschalle, J.; Pabst, A.; Löbner, M.; Luppa, M.; Heser, K.; Wagner, M.; van den Bussche, H.; Hajek, A.; König, H.-H.; Wiese, B.; et al. Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157959
Quittschalle J, Pabst A, Löbner M, Luppa M, Heser K, Wagner M, van den Bussche H, Hajek A, König H-H, Wiese B, et al. Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):7959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157959
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuittschalle, Janine, Alexander Pabst, Margrit Löbner, Melanie Luppa, Kathrin Heser, Michael Wagner, Hendrik van den Bussche, André Hajek, Hans-Helmut König, Birgitt Wiese, and et al. 2021. "Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157959