In Situ Neutral System Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Biological Interpretations of Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), Chromium(III), Zinc(II), Copper(II) and Selenium(IV) Sitagliptin Complexes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemical Experiments
2.2. Biological Experiments
2.2.1. Experimental Animals
2.2.2. Drugs and Chemicals
2.2.3. Experimental Induction of Diabetes Mellitus
2.2.4. Blood Samples Collection
2.2.5. Serum Blood Glucose, C-peptide, Insulin, and HbA1c
2.2.6. Preparation of Pancreatic Tissue Homogenates
2.2.7. Determination of Oxidative Stress Markers
2.2.8. Histological Analysis of Pancreas Tissues
2.2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemistry Part
3.1.1. Microanalytical and Molar Conductance Data
3.1.2. Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Measurements
3.1.3. Infrared Spectra
3.1.4. 1H-NMR Spectra
3.1.5. X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns, SEM and TEM Morphological Studies
3.1.6. Thermogravimetric Study
3.2. Biology Part
3.2.1. Results
Oxidative Stress Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Biomarkers
Histological Examination
3.2.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Complexes | Molecular Weight | Elemental Analysis % Found (Calcd.) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | M | ||
[Mg(STG)2(Cl)2]·6H2O | 1017.94 | 37.46 (37.76) | 4.11 (4.16) | 13.29 (13.76) | 2.30 (2.39) |
[Ca(STG)2(Cl)2] | 925.62 | 41.50 (41.52) | 3.20 (3.27) | 15.10 (15.13) | 4.21 (4.33) |
[Cr(STG)2(Cl)2]Cl·6H2O | 1081.08 | 35.48 (35.55) | 3.90 (3.92) | 12.93 (12.96) | 4.80 (4.81) |
[Zn(STG)2(Cl)2] | 950.92 | 40.39 (40.42) | 3.08 (3.18) | 14.66 (14.73) | 6.83 (6.88) |
[Cu(STG)2(Cl)2]2·H2O | 985.12 | 39.00 (39.02) | 3.44 (3.48) | 14.20 (14.22) | 6.42 (6.45) |
[Se(STG)2(Cl)2]Cl2 | 1035.41 | 37.09 (37.12) | 2.90 (2.92) | 13.50 (13.53) | 7.61 (7.63) |
Assignments | Compounds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STG | Mg(II) | Ca(II) | Cr(III) | Zn(II) | Cu(II) | Se(IV) | |
N–H stretching | 3357 | 3300 | 3316 | 3340 | 3341 | 3305 | 3340 |
C–H stretching | 3059 2917 2850 | 2918 2850 | 2917 2849 | 2919 | 2918 2850 | 2923 2854 | 2918 2851 |
C=O stretching | 1669 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C=N stretching | 1634 | 1645 | 1634 | 1652 | 1635 | 1644 | 1646 |
NH2 bending | 1609 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C–C and C–N stretching | 1556 1514 1426 | 1516 | 1518 1426 | 1515 1427 | 1579 1514 1424 | 1518 1426 | 1517 1426 |
CH in plane bending | 1324 1274 | 1335 1311 1275 | 1336 1277 | 1315 | 1335 1274 | 1372 1335 1275 | 1315 |
C–F stretching | 1146 978 | 1138 1015 | 1056 | 1159 1013 | 1107 1013 | 1140 1048 | 1107 1013 |
CH out-of-plane bending | 913 881 844 725 | 889 848 665 | 891 | 950 897 664 | 894 667 | 845 621 | 951 897 664 |
M–O stretching | - | 504 | 515 | 556 | 557 | 558 515 | 555 519 |
M–N stretching | - | 446 | 476 | 445 | 477 | 466 445 | 440 |
Complexes | Steps | Temp. Range (°C) | DTA Peak (°C) | TGA Weight Loss (%) | Assignments | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calc. | Found | |||||
Mg(II) STG | 1st | 30–250 250–800 | 84, 222 662 | 17.58 | 17.50 | 6H2O and Cl2 |
2nd | 50.50 | 50.28 | 2STG molecule | |||
Residual | 31.92 | 32.22 | MgO and polluted carbon | |||
Ca(II) STG | 1st | 30–250 250–800 | 80, 225 425, 674 | 7.67 | 7.45 | Cl2 |
2nd | 56.33 | 56.47 | 2STG molecule | |||
Residual | 36.00 | 36.08 | CaO and polluted carbon | |||
Cr(III) STG | 1st | 30–300 300–800 | 74, 294 686 | 19.84 | 19.60 | 6H2O and ³/²Cl2 |
2nd | 47.10 | 47.14 | 2STG molecule | |||
Residual | 33.06 | 33.26 | ½Cr2O3 and polluted carbon | |||
Zn(II) STG | 1st | 30–120 120–800 | 78 565 | 7.47 | 7.35 | Cl2 |
2nd | 58.20 | 58.44 | 2STG molecule | |||
Residual | 34.06 | 34.21 | ZnO and polluted carbon | |||
Cu(II) STG | 1st | 30–350 350–800 | 184, 294 654 | 10.86 | 10.60 | 2H2O and Cl2 |
2nd | 55.11 | 55.30 | 2STG molecule | |||
Residual | 34.03 | 34.10 | CuO and polluted carbon | |||
Se(IV) STG | 1st | 30–800 | 90, 330 | 100 | 100 | 2Cl2 and 2STG |
Residual | 0.0 | 0.0 | Selenium metal sublimated |
Groups | Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | Insulin (uIU/mL) | HbA1C (mmol/mol) | Fasting Serum C-Peptide (ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (Control) | 87.4 ± 1.9 | 25.1 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.1 |
Group 2 (STZ) | 377.3 ± 4.0 * | 4.2 ± 0.3 * | 9.2 ± 0.2 * | 0.5 ± 0.06 * |
Group 3 (STZ and STG) | 141.6 ± 4.0 *# | 18.9 ± 1.3 *# | 5.0 ± 0.5 *# | 2.6 ± 0.3 *# |
Group 4 (STZ and STG/Cu) | 130.8 ± 3.8 *# | 19.8 ± 1.5 *# | 3.0 ± 0.2# | 3.3 ± 0.3 *# |
Group 5 (STZ and STG/Mg) | 128.98 ± 2.58 # | 20.58 ± 1.08 # | 3.1 ± 0.08 # | 3.80 ± 0.6 # |
Group 6 (STZ and STG/Zn) | 95.4 ± 2.9 # | 23.5 ± 0.6 # | 3.3 ± 0.5 # | 4.1 ± 0.4 # |
Group 7 (STZ and STG/Ca) | 110 ± 3.58 # | 22.39 ± 2.01 # | 4.05 ± 0.36 # | 2.50 ± 0.63 # |
Group 8 (STZ + STG/Cr) | 90.24 ± 3.68 # | 23.68 ± 1.88 # | 3.01 ± 0.69 # | 3.98 ± 0.87 # |
Group 9 (STZ and STG/Se) | 100.69 ± 2.69 # | 21.02 ± 1.69 # | 3.68 ± 0.39 # | 3.21 ± 0.63 # |
p-value | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) |
Groups | GPX (U/g) | CAT (U/g) | MDA (U/g) | SOD (U/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (Control) | 34.1 ± 3.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 21.5 ± 1.2 |
Group 2 (STZ) | 7.4 ± 0.2 * | 0.24 ± 0.05 * | 80.3 ± 1.2 * | 5.4 ± 0.3 * |
Group 3 (STZ and STG) | 20.9 ± 1.5 *# | 1.0 ± 0.2 *# | 20.0 ± 0.8 *# | 14.0 ± 0.8 *# |
Group 4 (STZ and STG/Cu) | 22.06 ± 0.68 *# | 1.03 ± 0.01 *# | 17.68 ± 0.85 *# | 17.29 ± 1.25 # |
Group 5 (STZ and STG/Mg) | 24.88 ± 0.45 # | 1.45 ± 0.1 # | 10.02 ± 1.36 # | 18.05 ± 1.59 # |
Group 6 (STZ and STG/Zn) | 31.0 ± 1.6 # | 1.60 ± 0.3 # | 7.9 ± 0.7 # | 19.9 ± 1.3 # |
Group 7 (STZ and STG/Ca) | 29.58 ± 1.78 # | 1.54 ± 0.02 # | 8.05 ± 1.58 # | 19.05 ± 1.36 # |
Group 8 (STZ and STG/Cr) | 32.17 ± 2.36 # | 1.68 ± 0.05 # | 4.98 ± 1.02 # | 20.54 ± 1.98 # |
Group 9 (STZ and STG/Se) | 30.25 ± 2.58 # | 1.34 ± 0.04 # | 5.25 ± 1.32 # | 19.85 ± 2.05 # |
p-value | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) | <0.001 (HS) |
Groups | Pancreatic Parenchyma | Islets of Langerhans Size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Detached | Normal | Reduced | Mild | Enlarged | |
Group 1 (Control) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Group 2 (STZ) | 0% | 90% | 0% | 90% | 25% | 0% |
Group 3 (STZ +STG) | 80% | 25% | 80% | 0% | 80% | 80% |
Group 4 (STZ+ STG/Cu) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
Group 5 (STZ+ STG/Mg) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
Group 6 (STZ+ STG/Zn) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
Group 7 (STZ+ STG/Ca) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
Group 8 (STZ+ STG/Cr) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
Group 9 (STZ+ STG/Se) | 90% | 0% | 90% | 0% | 25% | 90% |
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El-Megharbel, S.M.; Refat, M.S.; Al-Salmi, F.A.; Hamza, R.Z. In Situ Neutral System Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Biological Interpretations of Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), Chromium(III), Zinc(II), Copper(II) and Selenium(IV) Sitagliptin Complexes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158030
El-Megharbel SM, Refat MS, Al-Salmi FA, Hamza RZ. In Situ Neutral System Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Biological Interpretations of Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), Chromium(III), Zinc(II), Copper(II) and Selenium(IV) Sitagliptin Complexes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158030
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Megharbel, Samy M., Moamen S. Refat, Fawziah A. Al-Salmi, and Reham Z. Hamza. 2021. "In Situ Neutral System Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Biological Interpretations of Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), Chromium(III), Zinc(II), Copper(II) and Selenium(IV) Sitagliptin Complexes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158030
APA StyleEl-Megharbel, S. M., Refat, M. S., Al-Salmi, F. A., & Hamza, R. Z. (2021). In Situ Neutral System Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Biological Interpretations of Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), Chromium(III), Zinc(II), Copper(II) and Selenium(IV) Sitagliptin Complexes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158030