Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. BMI Assessment
2.3. Survey of Weight Management Approaches
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BMI (kg/m2)- Categories | Weight-Division | Men | Women | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % (SE) | N | % (SE) | N | % (SE) | ||
BMI < 18.5 | Low weight | 51 | 2.1 (0.3) | 164 | 5.3 (0.5) | 215 | 3.7 (0.3) |
18.5 ≤ BMI < 23 | Normal weight | 849 | 30.7 (1.0) | 155 | 47.4 (1.0) | 2400 | 39.0 (0.7) |
23 ≤ BMI < 25 | Pre-obese stage | 696 | 25.3 (1.0) | 717 | 19.3 (0.7) | 1413 | 22.3 (0.6) |
25 ≤ BMI < 30 | Obesity class I | 962 | 35.2 (1.2) | 839 | 23.1 (0.9) | 1801 | 29.1 (0.8) |
30 ≤ BMI < 35 | Obesity class II | 141 | 5.8 (0.3) | 155 | 4.4 (0.4) | 296 | 5.1 (0.4) |
35 ≤ BMI | Obesity class III | 20 | 0.9 (0.3) | 25 | 0.7 (0.2) | 45 | 0.8 (0.1) |
Total | 2719 | 100.0 (0.0) | 3451 | 100.0 (0.0) | 6170 | 100.0 (0.0) |
Variables | Men | Women | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % (SE) | N | % (SE) | N | % (SE) | |
Age group | ||||||
19–29 | 123 | 16.4 (1.6) | 61 | 9.8 (1.3) | 184 | 13.7 (1.2) |
30–39 | 213 | 22.3 (1.7) | 107 | 13.7 (1.6) | 320 | 18.8 (1.3) |
40–49 | 235 | 23.0 (1.5) | 172 | 17.8 (1.5) | 407 | 20.9 (1.2) |
50–59 | 211 | 19.5 (1.4) | 190 | 20.6 (1.6) | 401 | 19.9 (1.1) |
60–69 | 196 | 12.0 (1.0) | 224 | 17.4 (1.3) | 420 | 14.2 (0.8) |
≥70 | 145 | 6.7 (0.8) | 265 | 20.8 (1.5) | 410 | 12.4 (0.9) |
Total | 1123 | 59.7 (1.2) | 1019 | 40.3 (1.2) | 2142 | 100 (0.0) |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 904 | 44.4 (1.5) | 927 | 35.3 (1.2) | 1831 | 79.4 (1.4) |
Single | 219 | 15.5 (1.2) | 92 | 4.8 (0.6) | 311 | 20.3 (1.4) |
Total | 1123 | 60.0 (1.2) | 1019 | 40.3 (1.2) | 2142 | 100.0 (0.0) |
Economic activity | ||||||
Yes | 844 | 48.7 (1.4) | 482 | 20.2 (1.1) | 1326 | 68.9 (1.3) |
No | 234 | 11.2 (0.9) | 494 | 19.9 (1.0) | 728 | 31.1 (1.3) |
Total | 1078 | 59.9 (1.3) | 976 | 40.1 (1.3) | 2054 | 100.0 (0.0) |
Family income level | ||||||
Lower | 135 | 5.7 (0.6) | 297 | 10.2 (0.9) | 432 | 15.9 (1.2) |
Mid-lower | 260 | 13.6 (1.0) | 285 | 11.8 (0.8) | 545 | 25.4 (1.4) |
Mid-upper | 349 | 20.5 (1.2) | 241 | 10.1 (0.9) | 590 | 30.6 (1.5) |
Upper | 376 | 20.3 (1.2) | 192 | 7.9 (0.7) | 568 | 28.1 (1.5) |
Total | 1120 | 64.0 (1.2) | 1015 | 40.0 (1.2) | 2135 | 100.0 (0.0) |
Education level | ||||||
≤Primary school | 113 | 4.1 (0.5) | 336 | 11.5 (0.9) | 449 | 15.5 (1.1) |
Middle school | 95 | 3.8 (0.5) | 138 | 5.0 (0.5) | 233 | 8.8 (0.8) |
High school | 386 | 22.8 (1.2) | 281 | 13.1 (0.8) | 667 | 35.8 (1.4) |
College≤ | 484 | 29.2 (1.5) | 221 | 19.6 (0.7) | 705 | 39.8 (1.6) |
Total | 1078 | 59.9 (1.3) | 976 | 40.1 (1.3) | 2054 | 100.0 (0.0) |
Variables | Exercise | Fasting | Decreased Food Intake | Skipping Meals | Herbal Medicines | Health Functional Food | One-Food Diet | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||||
Men | 42.7 | 1.0 | 33.3 | 6.2 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 52.3 |
Women | 32.0 | 1.2 | 36.2 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 6.8 | 1.6 | 47.7 |
Total | 74.7 | 2.2 | 69.6 | 12.7 | 2.5 | 10.2 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
Age group | ||||||||
19–29 | 7.5 | 0.1 | 7.9 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 9.1 |
30–39 | 11.9 | 0.9 | 11.7 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 15.7 |
40–49 | 15.6 | 0.6 | 15.2 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 21.1 |
50–59 | 14.8 | 0.2 | 12.4 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 20.0 |
60–69 | 14.3 | 0.4 | 12.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 19.5 |
≥70 | 10.9 | 0.1 | 10.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 14.6 |
Total | 74.7 | 2.2 | 69.6 | 12.7 | 2.5 | 10.2 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 63.0 | 1.9 | 58.1 | 10.1 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 2.2 | 85.5 |
Single | 11.8 | 0.3 | 11.5 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 14.5 |
Total | 74.8 | 2.2 | 69.6 | 12.7 | 2.5 | 10.2 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
Economic activity status | ||||||||
Yes | 48.8 | 1.8 | 44.5 | 9.0 | 1.7 | 6.8 | 2.0 | 65.7 |
No | 26.0 | 0.4 | 25.0 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 34.3 |
Total | 74.8 | 2.2 | 69.5 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
Family income level | ||||||||
Lower | 11.7 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 17.0 |
Mid-lower | 18.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 25.1 |
Mid-upper | 22.2 | 0.8 | 20.7 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 29.7 |
Upper | 20.0 | 0.6 | 19.7 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 28.2 |
Total | 74.8 | 2.2 | 69.7 | 12.8 | 2.5 | 10.2 | 2.7 | 100.0 |
Education level | ||||||||
≤Primary S. | 10.7 | 0.1 | 11.6 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0,7 | 0.4 | 16.5 |
Middle S. | 8.5 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 11.5 |
High S. | 26.6 | 0.7 | 24.5 | 4.5 | 0. | 4.5 | 1.3 | 35.4 |
College≤ | 29.0 | 1.4 | 26.4 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 36.6 |
Total | 74.8 | 2.2 | 69.5 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
Variables | Exercise | Fasting | Decreased Food Intake | Skipping Meals | Herbal Medicines | Health Functional Food | One-Food Diet | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||||||
19–29 | 9.6 | 0.1 | 9.6 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 11.0 |
30–39 | 14.9 | 1.0 | 12.7 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 18.3 |
40–49 | 18.3 | 0.5 | 14.4 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 22.5 |
50–59 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 10.2 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 18.4 |
60–69 | 14.4 | 0.0 | 9.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 17.9 |
≥70 | 9.8 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 11.9 |
Total | 81.6 | 1.9 | 63.7 | 11.9 | 1.2 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 100.0 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 65.8 | 1.8 | 49.6 | 9.1 | 0.9 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 81.1 |
Single | 15.8 | 0.1 | 14.1 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 18.9 |
Total | 81.6 | 1.9 | 63.7 | 11.9 | 1.2 | 8.5 | 1.9 | 100.0 |
Economic activity status | ||||||||
Yes | 62.7 | 1.9 | 49.5 | 10.9 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 78.2 |
No | 18.9 | 0.1 | 14.2 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 21.8 |
Total | 81.5 | 2.0 | 63.7 | 12.2 | 1.1 | 6.4 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
Family income level | ||||||||
Lower | 7.8 | 0.3 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 10.5 |
Mid-lower | 18.5 | 0.7 | 13.3 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 21.8 |
Mid-upper | 25.9 | 0.4 | 20.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 32.2 |
Upper | 29.4 | 0.7 | 24.8 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 35.4 |
Total | 81.5 | 2.0 | 64.0 | 12.1 | 1.2 | 6.4 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
Education level | ||||||||
≤Primary S. | 7.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 8.9 |
Middle S. | 7.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 8.8 |
High S. | 28.4 | 0.5 | 22.3 | 4.0 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 36.0 |
College≤ | 39.0 | 1.5 | 31.6 | 7.4 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 46.3 |
Total | 81.5 | 2.0 | 63.7 | 12.2 | 1.1 | 6.4 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
Variables | Exercise | Fasting | Decreased Food Intake | Skipping Meals | Herbal Medicines | Health Functional Food | One-Food Diet | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||||||
19–29 | 5.1 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 7.0 |
30–39 | 8.5 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 12.9 |
40–49 | 12.4 | 0.7 | 16.1 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 19.6 |
50–59 | 14.9 | 0.6 | 14.8 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 21.7 |
60–69 | 14.2 | 0.3 | 14.8 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 21.3 |
≥70 | 12.1 | 0.0 | 13.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 17.5 |
Total | 67.2 | 2.4 | 76.0 | 13.6 | 4.0 | 14.2 | 3.4 | 100.0 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 59.9 | 2.0 | 67.5 | 11.4 | 3.4 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 90.5 |
Single | 7.2 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 9.5 |
Total | 67.2 | 2.4 | 76.0 | 13.6 | 4.0 | 14.2 | 3.4 | 100.0 |
Economic activity status | ||||||||
Yes | 33.3 | 1.8 | 38.7 | 6.9 | 2.5 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 51.6 |
No | 33.9 | 0.7 | 37.2 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 0.9 | 48.4 |
Total | 67.2 | 2.5 | 76.0 | 13.8 | 4.1 | 14.5 | 3.2 | 100.0 |
Family income level | ||||||||
Lower | 16.0 | 0.4 | 18.1 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 24.0 |
Mid-lower | 19.3 | 0.3 | 22.3 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 28.7 |
Mid-upper | 18.3 | 1.1 | 21.5 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 27.0 |
Upper | 13.8 | 0.6 | 14.1 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 20.4 |
Total | 67.3 | 2.4 | 76.0 | 13.7 | 4.0 | 14.3 | 3.4 | 100.0 |
Education level | ||||||||
≤Primary S. | 14.7 | 0.1 | 18.9 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 24.8 |
Middle S. | 10.0 | 0.1 | 18.9 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 14.4 |
High S. | 24.5 | 0.9 | 26.8 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 34.8 |
College≤ | 18.0 | 1.3 | 20.8 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 26.1 |
Total | 67.2 | 2.5 | 76.0 | 13.8 | 4.1 | 14.5 | 3.2 | 100.0 |
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Kim, S.-D. Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158161
Kim S-D. Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158161
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sang-Dol. 2021. "Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158161