Results of Pregnancy Control before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Cohorts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Patients
2.2. Gathered Information
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Pre-Pandemic Cohort (Recruited in 2018); n = 969 | Pandemic Cohort (Recruited in 2020) n = 1168 | Goodman–Kruskal γ Test (Asymptotic Standard Error) or χ2 Test (Degrees of Freedom) | p Value Between Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Cohorts |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age at delivery | ||||
<24 years | 36 (4) | 38 (3) | γ = 0.0027 (0.035) | 0.94 |
24–27 years | 85 (9) | 113 (10) | ||
28–34 years | 411 (42) | 476 (41) | ||
35–40 years | 363 (37) | 468 (40) | ||
>40 years | 74 (8) | 73 (6) | ||
Educational level | ||||
Primary school | 215 (22) | 175 (15) | γ = 0.2023 (0.033) | <0.001 |
Secondary school | 114 (12) | 73 (6) | ||
Vocational training | 281 (29) | 369 (32) | ||
University | 359 (37) | 544 (47) | ||
Occupational status | ||||
Employed | 673 (69) | 865 (75) | χ2 = 9.34 (2) | 0.009 |
Unemployed/Inactive | 286 (30) | 277 (24) | ||
Student | 10 (1) | 18 (2) | ||
Birth order | ||||
First | 507 (52) | 335 (54) | χ2 = 0.64 (1) | 0.42 |
Other | 462 (48) | 281 (46) |
Variable | Pre-Pandemic Cohort (Recruited in 2018); n = 969 | Pandemic Cohort (Recruited in 2020); n = 620 | uOR (95% CI) | p Value | aOR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of delivery | ||||||
Eutocic | 653 (67) | 455 (75) | 1 (ref.) | - | 1 (ref.) | - |
Instrumental | 80 (8) | 40 (7) | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.14 | 0.66 (0.45–0.99) | 0.05 |
Caesarean section | 236 (24) | 110 (18) | 0.34 (0.27–0.43) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.009 |
Length of pregnancy | ||||||
<34 weeks | 20 (2) | 3 (1) | ||||
34–366 weeks | 39 (4) | 23 (4) | 0.85 (0.56–1.31) * | 0.47 * | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) * | 0.26 * |
≥37 weeks | 910 (94) | 573 (96) | 1 (ref.) | - | 1 (ref.) | - |
Weight at birth | ||||||
<2500 g | 83 (9) | 34 (6) | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.02 | 0.62 (0.41–0.93) | 0.02 |
2500–4000 g | 808 (83) | 550 (90) | 1 (ref.) | - | 1 (ref.) | - |
>4000 g | 78 (8) | 25 (4) | 0.28 (0.19–0.43) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.20–0.46) | <0.001 |
Feeding at hospital discharge | ||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 521 (54) | 359 (60) | 1 (ref.) | - | 1 (ref.) | - |
Mixed breastfeeding and infant formula | 280 (29) | 128 (22) | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.52–0.86) | 0.002 |
Infant formula | 168 (17) | 107 (18) | 0.96 (0.73–1.23) | 0.68 | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 0.83 |
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Llorca, J.; Lechosa-Muñiz, C.; Frank de Zulueta, P.; López-Gómez, S.; Orallo, V.; Alonso-Molero, J.; Arozamena-Llano, B.; Jubete, Y.; Paz-Zulueta, M.; Cabero, M.J.; et al. Results of Pregnancy Control before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Cohorts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158182
Llorca J, Lechosa-Muñiz C, Frank de Zulueta P, López-Gómez S, Orallo V, Alonso-Molero J, Arozamena-Llano B, Jubete Y, Paz-Zulueta M, Cabero MJ, et al. Results of Pregnancy Control before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Cohorts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158182
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlorca, Javier, Carolina Lechosa-Muñiz, Pelayo Frank de Zulueta, Sonia López-Gómez, Victoria Orallo, Jéssica Alonso-Molero, Barbara Arozamena-Llano, Yolanda Jubete, María Paz-Zulueta, María J. Cabero, and et al. 2021. "Results of Pregnancy Control before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Cohorts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158182