The Effect of Additional Private Health Insurance on Mortality in the Context of Universal Public Health Insurance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Follow-Up Period and All-Cause Mortality
2.3. Assessment of Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | NHI + PHI | NHI Only | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 8743) | (n = 3004) | (n = 5739) | ||
Follow-up period (months) | 94.5 ± 43.0 | 99.3 ± 41.1 | 92.0 ± 43.7 | <0.001 |
Sex | 0.005 | |||
Male | 3892 (44.5) | 1275 (42.4) | 2617 (45.6) | |
Female | 4851 (55.5) | 1729 (57.6) | 3122 (54.4) | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
≥65 | 3276 (37.5) | 273 (9.1) | 3003 (52.3) | |
55–64 | 2497 (28.6) | 911 (30.3) | 1586 (27.6) | |
45–54 | 2970 (34.0) | 1820 (60.6) | 1150 (20.0) | |
Smoking status | 0.118 | |||
Current smoker | 1692 (19.4) | 574 (19.1) | 1118 (19.5) | |
Past smoker | 839 (9.6) | 263 (8.8) | 576 (10.0) | |
Non-smoker | 6212 (71.1) | 2167 (72.1) | 4045 (70.5) | |
Drinking status | 0.003 | |||
Yes | 3354 (38.4) | 1407 (46.8) | 1947 (33.9) | |
No | 5389 (61.6) | 1597 (53.2) | 3792 (66.1) | |
Regular exercise status | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 2353 (26.9) | 866 (28.8) | 1487 (25.9) | |
No | 6390 (73.1) | 2138 (71.2) | 4252 (74.1) | |
Hypertension | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 2284 (26.1) | 541 (18.0) | 1743 (30.4) | |
No | 6459 (73.9) | 2463 (82.0) | 3996 (69.6) | |
Diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 978 (11.2) | 235 (7.8) | 743 (12.9) | |
No | 7765 (88.8) | 2769 (92.2) | 4996 (87.1) | |
Cancer | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 199 (2.3) | 41 (1.4) | 158 (2.8) | |
No | 8544 (97.7) | 2963 (98.6) | 5581 (97.2) | |
Cardiovascular disease | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 386 (4.4) | 65 (2.2) | 321 (5.6) | |
No | 8357 (95.6) | 2939 (97.8) | 5418 (94.4) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 279 (3.2) | 40 (1.3) | 239 (4.2) | |
No | 8464 (96.8) | 2964 (98.7) | 5500 (95.8) | |
Education level | <0.001 | |||
≥High school | 3413 (39.0) | 1679 (55.9) | 1734 (30.2) | |
<High school | 5330 (61.0) | 1325 (44.1) | 4005 (69.8) | |
Annular household income (USD) | <0.001 | |||
≥30,000 | 2332 (26.7) | 1175 (39.1) | 1157 (20.2) | |
20,000–29,999 | 1335 (15.3) | 537 (17.9) | 798 (13.9) | |
10,000–19,999 | 1687 (19.3) | 538 (17.9) | 1149 (20.0) | |
<10,000 | 3389 (38.8) | 754 (25.1) | 2635 (45.9) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Single | 1648 (18.8) | 286 (9.5) | 1362 (23.7) | |
Couple | 7095 (81.2) | 2718 (90.5) | 4377 (76.3) | |
Overall death | <0.001 | |||
Living | 8075 (92.4) | 2924 (97.3) | 5151 (89.8) | |
Deceased | 668 (7.6) | 80 (2.7) | 588 (10.2) |
NHI Only | NHI + PHI | |
---|---|---|
HR | 1 | 0.53 * |
95% CI | Reference | (0.41–0.69) |
<55 Years | ≥55 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% | HR | 95% CI | |
NHI only | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
NHI + PHI | 0.89 * | (0.25–1.13) | 0.33 * | (0.24–0.45) |
<USD 20,000 | ≥USD 20,000 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% | HR | 95% CI | |
NHI only | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
NHI + PHI | 0.52 * | (0.41–0.67) | 0.81 * | (0.56–1.20) |
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Baek, E.-M.; Oh, J.-I.; Kwon, E.-J. The Effect of Additional Private Health Insurance on Mortality in the Context of Universal Public Health Insurance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168363
Baek E-M, Oh J-I, Kwon E-J. The Effect of Additional Private Health Insurance on Mortality in the Context of Universal Public Health Insurance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168363
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Eun-Mi, Jae-Il Oh, and Eun-Jung Kwon. 2021. "The Effect of Additional Private Health Insurance on Mortality in the Context of Universal Public Health Insurance" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168363