Associations between Perceptions and Measures of Weather and Walking, United States—2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Description
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Transportation Walking
3.2. Leisure Walking
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Frequency of Reporting Weather as a Barrier to Walking (%, 95% CI) | Mean Temperature (°C) (Mean, 95% CI) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Almost Always | Most of the Time | Some of the Time | a Little of the Time | Never | ||||||||
Total | 20.8 | 20.0–21.7 | 13.3 | 12.7–13.8 | 26.4 | 25.6–27.2 | 15.7 | 15.0–16.3 | 23.8 | 23.0–24.6 | 14.4 | 14.2–14.7 |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Men | 18.0 | 17.0–19.1 | 12.5 | 11.7–13.3 | 24.8 | 23.8–25.9 | 16.9 | 15.9–17.8 | 27.8 | 26.7–29.0 | 14.3 | 14.0–14.7 |
Women | 23.5 | 22.4–24.7 | 14.0 | 13.3–14.8 | 27.9 | 26.9–28.9 | 14.5 | 13.7–15.3 | 20.1 | 19.1–21.0 | 14.5 | 14.2–14.8 |
Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
18–24 | 16.6 | 14.7–18.7 | 15.1 | 13.2–17.2 | 26.7 | 24.3–29.1 | 16.9 | 14.9–19.1 | 24.7 | 22.5–27.0 | 14.6 | 14.0–15.2 |
25–34 | 19.1 | 17.6–20.7 | 13.5 | 12.4–14.8 | 29.6 | 28.0–31.3 | 16.3 | 15.0–17.7 | 21.4 | 19.9–22.9 | 14.5 | 14.1–14.9 |
35–44 | 19.9 | 18.3–21.6 | 13.6 | 12.4–14.9 | 27.0 | 25.3–28.7 | 16.1 | 14.7–17.6 | 23.4 | 21.8–25.0 | 14.4 | 13.9–14.8 |
45–64 | 20.6 | 19.4–21.9 | 13.1 | 12.2–14.1 | 26.6 | 25.4–27.8 | 15.7 | 14.7–16.8 | 24.0 | 22.8–25.4 | 14.3 | 13.9–14.6 |
≥65 | 26.7 | 25.1–28.3 | 11.8 | 10.8–12.9 | 22.3 | 21.0–23.6 | 13.6 | 12.5–14.8 | 25.6 | 24.1–27.1 | 14.6 | 14.2–15.0 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 21.4 | 20.4–22.5 | 13.4 | 12.7–14.1 | 26.5 | 25.5–27.5 | 15.8 | 15.1–16.7 | 22.8 | 21.8–23.8 | 13.5 | 13.2–13.9 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 22.9 | 20.9–25.0 | 13.2 | 11.9–14.6 | 24.5 | 22.7–26.4 | 14.0 | 12.5–15.7 | 25.4 | 23.4–27.5 | 15.7 | 15.2–16.2 |
Hispanic | 18.7 | 17.1–20.4 | 12.5 | 11.3–13.8 | 24.8 | 23.2–26.5 | 16.2 | 14.8–17.6 | 27.9 | 26.1–29.7 | 17.0 | 16.6–17.5 |
Other, non-Hispanic | 17.2 | 15.2–19.3 | 13.9 | 12.1–16.1 | 31.8 | 29.3–34.4 | 15.3 | 13.4–17.4 | 21.8 | 19.7–24.1 | 14.8 | 14.3–15.4 |
Education level | ||||||||||||
Less than high school | 22.5 | 20.7–24.5 | 12.6 | 11.3–14.1 | 22.9 | 21.2–24.7 | 14.1 | 12.5–15.9 | 27.9 | 25.9–29.8 | 15.2 | 14.7–15.7 |
High school graduate a | 23.1 | 21.6–24.6 | 13.5 | 12.4–14.7 | 24.4 | 23.0–25.8 | 12.8 | 11.8–13.9 | 26.2 | 24.8–27.7 | 14.6 | 14.2–15.0 |
Some college | 21.2 | 20.0–22.6 | 13.3 | 12.3–14.3 | 26.5 | 25.1–27.9 | 15.2 | 14.2–16.3 | 23.8 | 22.5–25.1 | 14.3 | 14.0–14.7 |
College graduate | 18.1 | 16.9–19.4 | 13.4 | 12.5–14.4 | 29.2 | 28.0–30.5 | 18.8 | 17.7–20.0 | 20.5 | 19.3–21.7 | 14.1 | 13.7–14.5 |
Expanded region b | ||||||||||||
New England | 26.2 | 22.5–30.2 | 11.0 | 9.1–13.3 | 27.4 | 24.0–31.0 | 14.2 | 11.3–17.6 | 21.3 | 18.4–24.5 | 9.1 | 7.6–10.7 |
Middle Atlantic | 25.5 | 23.3–27.9 | 15.9 | 14.3–17.8 | 27.2 | 25.2–29.3 | 12.2 | 10.8–13.8 | 19.1 | 17.2–21.1 | 11.8 | 11.0–12.5 |
East North Central | 21.9 | 19.8–24.1 | 15.5 | 14.1–17.1 | 30.2 | 28.0–32.5 | 13.6 | 12.3–14.9 | 18.8 | 17.1–20.6 | 10.2 | 9.4–11.1 |
West North Central | 21.5 | 19.0–24.3 | 18.2 | 16.4–20.1 | 29.4 | 26.2–32.8 | 13.3 | 11.3–15.5 | 17.6 | 15.2–20.3 | 10.6 | 9.4–11.8 |
South Atlantic | 21.8 | 19.4–24.4 | 11.9 | 10.7–13.1 | 24.4 | 22.8–26.2 | 16.5 | 14.9–18.3 | 25.3 | 23.3–27.5 | 19.0 | 18.5–19.6 |
East South Central | 27.9 | 24.0–32.2 | 13.5 | 11.2–16.1 | 23.0 | 20.2–26.0 | 11.9 | 10.0–13.9 | 23.8 | 20.7–27.2 | 15.4 | 14.4–16.5 |
West South Central | 21.8 | 18.6–25.5 | 12.3 | 10.8–14.1 | 24.4 | 22.3–26.6 | 17.6 | 15.4–20.0 | 23.8 | 21.1–26.8 | 18.9 | 18.2–19.6 |
Mountain | 15.4 | 13.4–17.8 | 12.1 | 10.4–14.0 | 32.0 | 29.6–34.6 | 18.3 | 16.0–20.9 | 22.1 | 19.8–24.7 | 12.9 | 12.0–13.8 |
Pacific | 11.7 | 10.4–13.2 | 9.7 | 8.6–11.0 | 22.9 | 21.2–24.6 | 20.2 | 18.5–22.1 | 35.5 | 33.4–37.6 | 16.2 | 15.8–16.6 |
Urban–rural designation | ||||||||||||
Urban | 20.2 | 19.3–21.1 | 13.3 | 12.7–13.9 | 26.6 | 25.8–27.4 | 16.1 | 15.4–16.8 | 23.9 | 23.1–24.7 | 14.7 | 14.4–15.0 |
Rural | 23.6 | 21.6–25.8 | 13.4 | 12.1–14.8 | 25.7 | 23.7–27.8 | 13.7 | 12.1–15.5 | 23.6 | 21.5–25.7 | 13.4 | 12.7–14.1 |
Temperature quintile | ||||||||||||
<6.7 °C | 26.1 | 24.3–28.0 | 17.1 | 15.7–18.5 | 27.4 | 25.8–29.1 | 11.2 | 10.1–12.4 | 18.2 | 16.8–19.7 | −0.4 | −0.8–0.0 |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 20.4 | 18.7–22.3 | 14.1 | 12.8–15.6 | 27.6 | 25.8–29.3 | 16.3 | 15.0–17.7 | 21.6 | 20.0–23.2 | 9.9 | 9.8–10.0 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 17.7 | 16.2–19.3 | 11.1 | 10.0–12.4 | 25.3 | 23.6–27.0 | 18.9 | 17.3–20.7 | 27.0 | 25.1–28.9 | 15.8 | 15.7–16.0 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 17.2 | 15.6–19.0 | 12.2 | 11.1–13.5 | 27.5 | 25.8–29.3 | 16.6 | 15.3–18.0 | 26.4 | 24.6–28.2 | 21.0 | 20.9–21.1 |
≥22.9 °C | 22.8 | 20.8–24.9 | 11.8 | 10.7–13.0 | 24.2 | 22.6–25.9 | 15.2 | 13.7–16.7 | 26.0 | 24.1–28.0 | 26.0 | 25.9–26.1 |
Weather Measure | Participation | Volume among Participants | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Minutes/Week | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | ||||||
PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | VR | 95% CI | VR | 95% CI | |||
Total | 31.5 | 30.7–32.4 | 59.3 | 57.6–61.0 | ||||||||
Frequency of reporting weather as a barrier | ||||||||||||
Almost always | 23.2 | 21.7–24.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 51.2 | 47.5–54.8 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
Most of the time | 32.0 | 29.8–34.1 | 1.30 | 1.19–1.42 | 1.30 | 1.18–1.41 | 50.5 | 47.1–54.0 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.10 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.10 |
Some of the time | 35.2 | 33.7–36.8 | 1.42 | 1.31–1.52 | 1.41 | 1.31–1.52 | 58.4 | 55.4–61.3 | 1.15 | 1.04–1.25 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.25 |
A little of the time | 40.2 | 38.1–42.3 | 1.58 | 1.46–1.71 | 1.57 | 1.45–1.70 | 64.6 | 60.3–68.9 | 1.29 | 1.16–1.41 | 1.28 | 1.16–1.40 |
Never | 28.8 | 27.2–30.4 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.25 | 1.15 | 1.06–1.24 | 68.6 | 64.3–73.0 | 1.35 | 1.22–1.47 | 1.34 | 1.22–1.47 |
Temperature quintile | ||||||||||||
<6.7 °C | 30.1 | 28.2–32.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 56.7 | 53.0–60.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 34.3 | 32.2–36.5 | 1.13 | 1.03–1.22 | 1.10 | 1.01–1.20 | 60.7 | 56.8–64.6 | 1.07 | 0.97–1.17 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.16 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 31.9 | 30.0–33.9 | 1.06 | 0.97–1.15 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.12 | 60.3 | 56.5–64.0 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.16 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.13 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 32.2 | 30.1–34.3 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.17 | 1.05 | 0.97–1.14 | 60.1 | 56.0–64.2 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.17 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.14 |
≥22.9 °C | 29.0 | 27.2–30.9 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.14 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.13 | 58.5 | 54.3–62.6 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.13 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.11 |
Weather Measure | Participation | Volume among Participants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | Adjusted a | Minutes/Week | Adjusted a | ||||
PR | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | VR | 95% CI | |||
Total | 52.1 | 51.2–53.0 | 79.7 | 78.1–81.3 | ||||
Frequency of reporting weather as a barrier | ||||||||
Almost always | 41.8 | 40.0–43.6 | 1.00 | Referent | 63.6 | 60.5–66.6 | 1.00 | Referent |
Most of the time | 52.9 | 50.6–55.2 | 1.23 | 1.16–1.30 | 66.5 | 62.9–70.0 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.14 |
Some of the time | 61.8 | 60.2–63.3 | 1.41 | 1.35–1.48 | 78.3 | 75.6–81.1 | 1.25 | 1.17–1.32 |
A little of the time | 66.7 | 64.7–68.7 | 1.51 | 1.43–1.59 | 92.2 | 87.9–96.5 | 1.47 | 1.38–1.57 |
Never | 40.4 | 38.7–42.0 | 0.94 | 0.89–0.99 | 97.9 | 93.5–102.3 | 1.58 | 1.47–1.69 |
Temperature quintile | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 45.8 | 43.9–47.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 76.3 | 72.5–80.1 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 53.2 | 51.1–55.3 | 1.15 | 1.09–1.21 | 76.4 | 73.0–79.9 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.08 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 55.4 | 53.5–57.4 | 1.18 | 1.12–1.25 | 82.7 | 79.1–86.3 | 1.09 | 1.02–1.17 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 55.7 | 53.9–57.5 | 1.21 | 1.15–1.27 | 81.3 | 77.8–84.7 | 1.08 | 1.01–1.15 |
≥22.9 °C | 50.3 | 48.3–52.4 | 1.13 | 1.07–1.20 | 81.3 | 77.4–85.3 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.18 |
Frequency by Temperature Quintile | Participation | Volume among Participants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | Adjusted a | Minutes/Week | Adjusted a | ||||
PR | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | VR | 95% CI | |||
Almost always | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 31.8 | 28.6–35.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 54.0 | 47.6–60.5 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 44.3 | 40.3–48.2 | 1.42 | 1.22–1.61 | 59.1 | 53.1–65.2 | 1.12 | 0.94–1.29 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 48.5 | 44.2–52.8 | 1.55 | 1.34–1.75 | 69.1 | 61.0–77.2 | 1.35 | 1.13–1.57 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 50.3 | 45.8–54.8 | 1.62 | 1.41–1.83 | 67.8 | 61.2–74.3 | 1.30 | 1.10–1.50 |
≥22.9 °C | 39.2 | 35.1–43.2 | 1.29 | 1.10–1.49 | 69.1 | 61.8–76.4 | 1.34 | 1.11–1.57 |
Most of the time | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 46.1 | 41.8–50.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 61.0 | 53.3–68.7 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 55.4 | 50.5–60.3 | 1.17 | 1.02–1.31 | 64.8 | 57.2–72.4 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.24 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 56.7 | 51.6–61.7 | 1.21 | 1.06–1.36 | 72.3 | 63.8–80.7 | 1.16 | 0.96–1.35 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 57.8 | 52.6–62.9 | 1.23 | 1.08–1.38 | 70.3 | 62.6–78.0 | 1.14 | 0.95–1.33 |
≥22.9 °C | 50.9 | 45.9–55.9 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.26 | 65.8 | 57.6–74.1 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.24 |
Some of the time | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 56.1 | 52.8–59.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 77.6 | 72.2–83.0 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 61.6 | 58.1–65.2 | 1.09 | 0.999–1.17 | 79.6 | 73.4–85.8 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.13 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 63.4 | 60.0–66.8 | 1.11 | 1.02–1.20 | 78.4 | 72.3–84.5 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.13 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 65.9 | 62.6–69.2 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.25 | 80.9 | 74.8–87.0 | 1.04 | 0.93–1.15 |
≥22.9 °C | 61.9 | 58.4–65.5 | 1.12 | 1.03–1.22 | 74.5 | 67.9–81.0 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.08 |
A little of the time | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 63.5 | 58.6–68.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 96.4 | 86.2–106.7 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 68.2 | 64.0–72.4 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.21 | 90.5 | 81.5–99.5 | 0.99 | 0.85–1.13 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 67.9 | 63.9–71.8 | 1.08 | 0.97–1.19 | 95.0 | 86.1–103.8 | 1.01 | 0.87–1.16 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 66.9 | 62.7–71.1 | 1.08 | 0.97–1.19 | 85.0 | 76.2–93.7 | 0.89 | 0.76–1.02 |
≥22.9 °C | 66.1 | 61.2–70.9 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.24 | 96.3 | 85.1–107.4 | 1.05 | 0.88–1.23 |
Never | ||||||||
<6.7 °C | 39.0 | 34.9–43.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 111.5 | 97.0–125.9 | 1.00 | Referent |
6.7 to <12.6 °C | 38.2 | 34.3–42.1 | 0.91 | 0.78–1.03 | 86.5 | 77.3–95.7 | 0.82 | 0.69–0.96 |
12.6 to <18.9 °C | 43.3 | 39.8–46.8 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.08 | 93.6 | 85.5–101.6 | 0.91 | 0.76–1.06 |
18.9 to <22.9 °C | 40.6 | 37.2–44.0 | 0.98 | 0.86–1.10 | 99.6 | 90.2–109.1 | 0.96 | 0.81–1.11 |
≥22.9 °C | 39.9 | 36.2–43.5 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.10 | 102.1 | 92.1–112.2 | 1.01 | 0.84–1.18 |
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Carlson, S.A.; Whitfield, G.P.; Davis, R.T.; Peterson, E.L.; Fulton, J.E.; Berrigan, D. Associations between Perceptions and Measures of Weather and Walking, United States—2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168398
Carlson SA, Whitfield GP, Davis RT, Peterson EL, Fulton JE, Berrigan D. Associations between Perceptions and Measures of Weather and Walking, United States—2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168398
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlson, Susan A., Geoffrey P. Whitfield, Ryan T. Davis, Erin L. Peterson, Janet E. Fulton, and David Berrigan. 2021. "Associations between Perceptions and Measures of Weather and Walking, United States—2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168398