Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Point ID | WTP/Neighborhood | Supplied by WTP | Storage Tank | Floor in the Building | NTM Species Isolated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | WTP Río Cali | — | — | — | A87-M. mucogenicum |
2 | WTP Río Cauca | — | — | — | A18-M. fortuitum A75-M. mucogenicum A74-M. mageritense |
3 | WTP Puerto Mallarino | — | — | — | — |
4 | Urbanización Río Lili | Puerto Mallarino * Río Cauca | Yes | 4 | — |
5 | Los Cámbulos | Río Cauca * Puerto Mallarino | Yes | 2 | A21-M. chelonae A54-M. chelonae |
6 | Industrial | Río Cauca * Puerto Mallarino | No | 1 | |
7 | Las Granjas | Puerto Mallarino | No | 1 | A62-M. phocaicum |
8 | Panamericano | Puerto Mallarino * Río Cauca | No | 1 | — |
9 | Refugio | Río Cauca * Puerto Mallarino | Yes | 6 | — |
10 | Salomia | Puerto Mallarino | No | 2 | — |
11 | San Fernando | Río Cali | No | 1 | A37-M. mucogenicum A83-M. phocaicum |
12 | Vipasa ** | Puerto Mallarino Río Cauca | No | 1 | — |
13 | Alameda | Río Cauca * Puerto Mallarino | No | 1 | A105-M. phocaicum |
14 | Valle del Lili | Puerto Mallarino | Yes | 3 | A122-M. mucogenicum |
15 | Alfonso López ** | Puerto Mallarino Río Cauca | No | 2 | — |
16 | San Pedro | Río Cali | Yes | 1 | A114-M. mucogenicum A130-M. mucogenicum A131-M. mucogenicum |
17 | Puertas del Sol | Puerto Mallarino | No | 1 | — |
18 | Ciudad Córdoba | Puerto Mallarino | No | 1 | A125-M. mageritense A129-M. mucogenicum |
Parameter | Median (Interquartile Range) | Mean (Standard Deviation) | Accepted Parameters in Colombian Regulations [27] |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) (n = 33) | 25.2 (24.6–25.4) | 24.9 (1.1) | Not regulated |
pH (n = 33) | 7.3 (7.0–7.9) | 7.4 (0.5) | 6.5–9.0 |
Conductivity (uS/cm) (n = 32) | 136.4 (128.3–150.4) | 139.8 (18.8) | Up to 1000 |
Antimicrobial Agent | MIC (mg/L) Breakpoints | MIC (mg/L) for RGM Isolates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | I | R | M. fortuitum A18 | M. chelonae A21, A54 | M. mucogenicum A37,A75, A87, A114 | M. phocaicum A62, A83, A105 | M. mageritense A74 | |
Amikacin | ≤16 | 32 | ≥64 | S | I, S | S, S, S, S | S, S, S | S |
Tobramycin | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | R | S, S | I, R, R, R | R, S, I | R |
Doxycycline | ≤1 | 2–8 | ≥16 | S | R, R | R, R, S, S | I, R, S | R |
Ciprofloxacin | ≤1 | 2 | ≥4 | S | R, I | S, R, S, S | R, R, R | R |
Moxifloxacin | ≤1 | 2 | ≥4 | S | R, R | S, I, S, S | S, S, S | S |
Clarithromycin | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | R | S, S | S, S, S, R | S, S, S | R |
Linezolid | ≤8 | 16 | ≥32 | S | R, S | S, S, S, R | S, S, S | S |
Imipenem | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | S | R, R | S, S, I, S | I, S, S | R |
Cefoxitin | ≤16 | 32–64 | ≥128 | I | R, R | S, S, S, S | I, S, S | I |
Sulfamethoxazole | ≤32 | - | ≥64 | S | R, R | S, S, S, R | S, S, S | - |
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Dávalos, A.F.; Garcia, P.K.; Montoya-Pachongo, C.; Rengifo, A.; Guerrero, D.; Díaz-Ordoñez, L.; Díaz, G.; Ferro, B.E. Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168451
Dávalos AF, Garcia PK, Montoya-Pachongo C, Rengifo A, Guerrero D, Díaz-Ordoñez L, Díaz G, Ferro BE. Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168451
Chicago/Turabian StyleDávalos, Andrés F., Pamela K. Garcia, Carolina Montoya-Pachongo, Andrea Rengifo, Daniela Guerrero, Lorena Díaz-Ordoñez, Gustavo Díaz, and Beatriz E. Ferro. 2021. "Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168451