Integrated Assessment of Affinity to Chemical Fractions and Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A New Approach Based on Sequential Extraction Results
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Assessment of Solid Components of the Environment Pollution with HMs’ Chemical Fractions
3. New Approach for a Comprehensive Assessment of HMs Fractionation and Solid Environmental Media Pollution
3.1. Modification of A index
- CAF < 0.4 corresponds to an extremely low chemical affinity of HM to this geochemical phase and contamination of studied solid environmental media with this HM fraction;
- 0.4 < CAF ≤ 0.8 amounts to a low chemical affinity and contamination;
- 0.8 < CAF ≤ 1.2 equals to a probable chemical affinity and contamination;
- 1.2 < CAF ≤ 2.4 points out the clear chemical affinity and contamination;
- CAF > 2.4 corresponds to an extremely strong chemical affinity of HM to this geochemical phase and contamination of studied solid environmental media with this HM fraction.
3.2. Assessment of Soil Contamination with Chemical Fractions of HMs
3.3. Assessment of Bottom Sediments Contamination with Chemical Fractions of HMs
3.4. Assessment of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Contamination with Chemical Fractions of HMs
3.5. Pollution Assessment of Particle Size Fractions of Road Dust with Chemical Fractions of HMs (GF-Analysis)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Heavy Metals | ∑CAF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Ni | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cu | Mn | ||
F1, mg/kg | 3.85 | 9.71 | 8.07 | 11.3 | 5.91 | 4.22 | 11.8 | n/a |
F2, mg/kg | 4.17 | 16.2 | 60.5 | 108 | 1.16 | 40.0 | 85.6 | n/a |
F3, mg/kg | 2.16 | 5.95 | 105 | 147 | 6.56 | 55.0 | 188 | n/a |
F4, mg/kg | 0.28 | 5.94 | 48.8 | 60.9 | 5.79 | 123 | 37.2 | n/a |
F5, mg/kg | 4.47 | 36.5 | 147 | 607 | 38.8 | 132 | 365 | n/a |
∑F, mg/kg | 14.9 | 74.3 | 369 | 934 | 58.2 | 354 | 688 | n/a |
F1, % of ∑F | 26 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 2 | n/a |
F2, % of ∑F | 28 | 22 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 12 | n/a |
F3, % of ∑F | 14 | 8 | 28 | 16 | 11 | 16 | 27 | n/a |
F4, % of ∑F | 2 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 35 | 5 | n/a |
F5, % of ∑F | 30 | 49 | 40 | 65 | 67 | 37 | 53 | n/a |
CAF(F1) | 1.28 | 0.65 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 2.74 |
CAF (F2) | 1.14 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 4.21 |
CAF (F3) | 0.90 | 0.50 | 1.78 | 0.99 | 0.70 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 7.55 |
CAF (F4) | 0.35 | 1.51 | 2.49 | 1.23 | 1.88 | 6.55 | 1.02 | 15.0 |
CAF (F5) | 0.88 | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 1.10 | 1.56 | 10.0 |
CAF (∑F) | 4.55 | 4.99 | 6.22 | 4.66 | 5.13 | 9.14 | 4.88 | 39.6 |
Parameter | Heavy Metals | ∑CAF | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ba | Cd | Co | Cu | Mn | Mo | Ni | Pb | Sc | Sr | U | Zn | ||
F1, mg/kg | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.49 | 408 | 0.01 | 1.91 | 2.16 | 0.04 | 144 | 0.07 | 2.22 | n/a |
F2, mg/kg | 1.91 | 0.01 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 125 | 0.01 | 1.80 | 14.7 | 0.02 | 13.3 | 0.07 | 10.9 | n/a |
F3, mg/kg | 2.24 | 0.01 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 50.5 | 0.14 | 3.19 | 1.43 | 0.19 | 1.75 | 0.59 | 6.12 | n/a |
F4, mg/kg | 356 | 0.02 | 9.01 | 17.5 | 253 | 1.67 | 24.3 | 27.5 | 11.8 | 50.5 | 2.81 | 93.5 | n/a |
∑F, mg/kg | 361 | 0.05 | 12.7 | 20.7 | 836 | 1.83 | 31.2 | 45.8 | 12.0 | 210 | 3.54 | 113 | n/a |
F1, % of ∑F | 0 | 18 | 6 | 2 | 49 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 69 | 2 | 2 | n/a |
F2, % of ∑F | 1 | 20 | 13 | 8 | 15 | 0 | 6 | 32 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 10 | n/a |
F3, % of ∑F | 1 | 22 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 5 | n/a |
F4, % of ∑F | 99 | 40 | 71 | 84 | 30 | 91 | 78 | 60 | 98 | 24 | 79 | 83 | n/a |
CAF(F1) | 0.02 | 1.72 | 0.62 | 0.23 | 4.66 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 6.57 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 15.3 |
CAF(F2) | 0.04 | 1.68 | 1.11 | 0.68 | 1.26 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 2.70 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.81 | 9.50 |
CAF(F3) | 0.09 | 3.21 | 1.38 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 1.49 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 2.43 | 0.79 | 12.9 |
CAF(F4) | 1.39 | 0.57 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 0.43 | 1.29 | 1.10 | 0.85 | 1.38 | 0.34 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 11.8 |
CAF(∑F) | 1.55 | 7.18 | 4.10 | 2.84 | 7.23 | 2.49 | 3.66 | 4.45 | 1.66 | 7.56 | 3.90 | 2.96 | 49.6 |
Parameter | Heavy Metals | ∑CAF | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Zn | Fe | Pb | Cd | Mn | Co | Cr | Ni | ||
F1, ng/m3 | 3.0 | 23 | 233 | 20 | 53 | 45 | 31 | 37 | 17 | n/a |
F2, ng/m3 | 16 | 59 | 375 | 66 | 20 | 62 | 21 | 94 | 7.0 | n/a |
F3, ng/m3 | 75 | 41 | 1699 | 24 | 4.0 | 106 | 105 | 64 | 27 | n/a |
F4, ng/m3 | 113 | 203 | 2795 | 37 | 12 | 182 | 64 | 46 | 74 | n/a |
∑F, ng/m3 | 207 | 326 | 5102 | 147 | 89 | 395 | 221 | 241 | 125 | n/a |
F1, % of ∑F | 1 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 60 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | n/a |
F2, % of ∑F | 8 | 18 | 7 | 45 | 22 | 16 | 10 | 39 | 6 | n/a |
F3, % of ∑F | 36 | 13 | 33 | 16 | 4 | 27 | 48 | 27 | 22 | n/a |
F4, % of ∑F | 55 | 62 | 55 | 25 | 13 | 46 | 29 | 19 | 59 | n/a |
CAF(F1) | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 1.03 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 2.44 |
CAF(F2) | 0.35 | 0.81 | 0.33 | 2.01 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.42 | 1.74 | 0.25 | 7.62 |
CAF(F3) | 6.58 | 2.28 | 6.04 | 2.96 | 0.82 | 4.87 | 8.62 | 4.82 | 3.92 | 40.9 |
CAF(F4) | 3.78 | 4.31 | 3.79 | 1.74 | 0.93 | 3.19 | 2.00 | 1.32 | 4.10 | 25.2 |
CAF(∑F) | 10.7 | 7.52 | 10.2 | 6.95 | 3.79 | 8.96 | 11.3 | 8.15 | 8.50 | 76.1 |
Parameter | Concentration, mg/kg of Road Dust | Parameter | Share in the Total Content, % | Parameter | CAF | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | ∑G | %G1 | %G2 | %G3 | %G4 | ∑%G | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | ∑G | ||||
Zn | F1 | 540 | 56 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 602 | %F1 | 52 | 5.4 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 58 | F1 | 1.49 | 1.40 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 4.88 |
F2 | 313 | 22 | 1.2 | 0.69 | 337 | %F2 | 30 | 2.1 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 33 | F2 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 1.97 | |
F3 | 87 | 7.6 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 95 | %F3 | 8.4 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 9 | F3 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 2.02 | |
∑F | 939 | 86 | 6.5 | 2.6 | ∑GF = 1034 | ∑%F | 91 | 8.3 | 0.63 | 0.25 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 2.87 | 2.44 | 1.97 | 1.61 | ∑GF = 8.88 | |
Cd | F1 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.49 | %F1 | 59 | 6.0 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 66 | F1 | 1.69 | 1.54 | 0.93 | 2.27 | 6.42 |
F2 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.0003 | 0.001 | 0.21 | %F2 | 26 | 2.2 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 28 | F2 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 1.66 | |
F3 | 0.04 | 0.007 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.047 | %F3 | 5.4 | 0.9 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 6 | F3 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 1.60 | |
∑F | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.003 | 0.004 | ∑GF = 0.75 | ∑%F | 90 | 9.1 | 0.44 | 0.50 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 2.72 | 2.73 | 1.42 | 2.82 | ∑GF = 9.68 | |
Cu | F1 | 61 | 7.7 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 70 | %F1 | 22 | 2.8 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 25 | F1 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 2.46 |
F2 | 144 | 21 | 1.8 | 0.83 | 167 | %F2 | 52 | 7.7 | 0.65 | 0.30 | 61 | F2 | 1.26 | 1.87 | 2.07 | 1.59 | 6.78 | |
F3 | 33 | 4.3 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 39 | %F3 | 12 | 1.5 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 14 | F3 | 0.91 | 1.10 | 2.29 | 2.87 | 7.17 | |
∑F | 238 | 33 | 3.1 | 1.7 | ∑GF = 276 | ∑%F | 86 | 12.0 | 1.13 | 0.62 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 2.81 | 3.69 | 5.02 | 4.90 | ∑GF = 16.4 | |
Pb | F1 | 23 | 3.7 | 0.99 | 0.36 | 28 | %F1 | 11 | 1.8 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 13 | F1 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 1.22 | 0.95 | 2.94 |
F2 | 123 | 11 | 1.1 | 0.72 | 136 | %F2 | 60 | 5.4 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 66 | F2 | 1.44 | 1.31 | 1.62 | 1.85 | 6.23 | |
F3 | 39 | 3.3 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 43 | %F3 | 19 | 1.6 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 21 | F3 | 1.44 | 1.15 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 3.76 | |
∑F | 185 | 18 | 2.2 | 1.2 | ∑GF = 207 | ∑%F | 90 | 8.8 | 1.06 | 0.56 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 3.20 | 2.93 | 3.50 | 3.30 | ∑GF = 12.9 | |
Cr | F1 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.54 | %F1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1 | F1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.10 |
F2 | 11 | 0.87 | 0.058 | 0.027 | 12 | %F2 | 15 | 1.3 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 17 | F2 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 1.16 | |
F3 | 50 | 6.4 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 57 | %F3 | 72 | 9.3 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 82 | F3 | 5.50 | 6.65 | 5.14 | 3.47 | 20.8 | |
∑F | 61 | 7.3 | 0.41 | 0.23 | ∑GF = 69 | ∑%F | 88 | 10.6 | 0.59 | 0.34 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 5.90 | 6.97 | 5.43 | 3.71 | ∑GF = 22.0 | |
Ni | F1 | 3.1 | 0.48 | 0.025 | 0.008 | 3.6 | %F1 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 9 | F1 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.78 |
F2 | 12 | 1.1 | 0.047 | 0.030 | 13 | %F2 | 30 | 2.6 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 32 | F2 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 2.08 | |
F3 | 22 | 2.5 | 0.16 | 0.089 | 24 | %F3 | 52 | 6.1 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 59 | F3 | 3.97 | 4.39 | 3.95 | 2.56 | 14.9 | |
∑F | 37 | 4.1 | 0.23 | 0.13 | ∑GF = 42 | ∑%F | 89 | 9.9 | 0.56 | 0.31 | ∑%GF = 100 | ∑F | 4.91 | 5.31 | 4.46 | 3.05 | ∑GF = 17.7 | |
Total | F1 | 4.37 | 4.44 | 4.16 | 4.61 | 17.6 | ||||||||||||
F2 | 5.15 | 5.14 | 4.81 | 4.78 | 19.9 | |||||||||||||
F3 | 12.9 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 10.0 | 50.2 | |||||||||||||
∑F | 22.4 | 24.1 | 21.8 | 19.4 | ∑GF = 87.6 |
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Vodyanitskii, Y.; Vlasov, D. Integrated Assessment of Affinity to Chemical Fractions and Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A New Approach Based on Sequential Extraction Results. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168458
Vodyanitskii Y, Vlasov D. Integrated Assessment of Affinity to Chemical Fractions and Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A New Approach Based on Sequential Extraction Results. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168458
Chicago/Turabian StyleVodyanitskii, Yuri, and Dmitry Vlasov. 2021. "Integrated Assessment of Affinity to Chemical Fractions and Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A New Approach Based on Sequential Extraction Results" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168458