Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Licensed Full-Time Practicing Nurses Undertaking Part-Time Studies in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Recruitment
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)
2.2.2. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2)
2.2.3. Resilience
2.2.4. Stress-Related Questions
2.2.5. Coping Behavior
2.2.6. Sociodemographic and Other Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Other Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Respondents’ Mental Health and Other Outcomes
3.3. Factors Associated with GAD-7
3.4. Factors Associated with the PHQ-2
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | |
---|---|---|
Program of study | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 64 | 51.6 |
Master’s degree | 60 | 48.4 |
Year of study | ||
Year 1 | 49 | 39.5 |
Year 2 | 75 | 60.5 |
Age group (years) | ||
20–25 | 26 | 21.0 |
26–30 | 59 | 47.5 |
31–35 | 26 | 21.0 |
≥36 | 13 | 10.5 |
Sex | ||
Male | 16 | 12.9 |
Female | 108 | 87.1 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 97 | 78.2 |
Married | 25 | 20.2 |
Divorced/widowed | 2 | 1.6 |
Post-registration working experience (years) | ||
<1 | 11 | 8.9 |
1–5 | 62 | 50.0 |
6–10 | 35 | 28.2 |
11–15 | 7 | 5.6 |
>15 | 9 | 7.3 |
Work place | ||
Public hospital | 92 | 74.2 |
Private hospital | 9 | 7.3 |
Department of Health | 19 | 15.3 |
Others | 4 | 3.2 |
Number of household members lived with | ||
0 | 3 | 2.4 |
1 | 15 | 12.1 |
2 | 29 | 23.4 |
3 | 42 | 33.9 |
4 | 24 | 19.4 |
≥5 | 11 | 8.9 |
Hours spent on online learning per week | ||
0–8 | 66 | 53.2 |
9–16 | 46 | 37.1 |
17–25 | 5 | 4.0 |
≥26 | 7 | 5.6 |
Average number of days in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases | ||
<14 | 67 | 54 |
14–30 | 17 | 13.7 |
31–60 | 14 | 11.3 |
≥60 | 26 | 21 |
Previously attended mindfulness or resilience building workshop | ||
Yes | 17 | 13.7 |
No | 107 | 86.3 |
Interested in attending mindfulness or resilience building workshop | ||
Yes | 48 | 38.7 |
No | 76 | 61.3 |
Mean (SD) | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|
GAD-7 (possible range: 0–21) | 6.14 (4.02) | 0 | 15 |
PHQ-2 (possible range: 0–6) | 1.80 (1.28) | 0 | 5 |
Resilience (possible range: 0–40) | 23.53 (5.59) | 6 | 40 |
Stress-related factors: | |||
Anxiety about infection (possible range: 0–27) | 12.27 (5.06) | 0 | 25 |
Exhaustion (possible range: 0–15) | 5.92 (2.95) | 0 | 12 |
Workload (possible range: 0–6) | 3.59 (1.57) | 0 | 6 |
Feeling protected (possible range: 0–9) | 2.64 (1.56) | 0 | 7 |
Part-time study (possible range: 0–6) | 3.03 (1.16) | 0 | 6 |
Coping: | |||
Avoidance (possible range: 12–48) | 23.33 (4.95) | 12 | 36 |
Approach (possible range: 12–48) | 31.14 (5.39) | 14 | 43 |
-- | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value | Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value | |
Program of study | ||||
Bachelor’s degree | 0.879 (−0.548, 2.307) | 0.225 | −0.476 (−1.839, 0.888) | 0.490 |
Master’s degree (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Year of study | ||||
Year 1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Year 2 | −0.246 (−1.713, 1.222) | 0.741 | 0.044 (−1.166, 1.255) | 0.942 |
Age group (years) | ||||
22–25 | 2.192 (−0.496, 4.880) | 0.218 | −3.420 (−7.826, 0.986) | 0.300 |
26–30 | 1.833 (−0.591, 4.258) | 0.109 | −3.323 (−7.452, 0.806) | 0.127 |
31–35 | 0.538 (−2.149, 3.226) | 0.137 | −3.993 (−8.149, 0.163) | 0.113 |
≥36 (reference) | 0 | 0.692 | 0 | 0.059 |
Sex | ||||
Male | −0.157 (−2.298, 1.983) | 0.885 | −0.791 (−2.624, 1.042) | 0.393 |
Female (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Marital status | 0.164 | 0.517 | ||
Single (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Married | −1.575 (−3.348, 0.199) | 0.081 | −0.506 (−2.435, 1.422) | 0.603 |
Divorced/widowed | −2.495 (−8.143, 3.154) | 0.384 | −3.271 (−9.026, 2.484) | 0.262 |
Post-registration work experience (years) | 0.063 | 0.466 | ||
<1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
1–5 | −1.799 (−4.351, 0.752) | 0.165 | −1.374 (−3.676, 0.928) | 0.239 |
6–10 | −2.792 (−5.488, −0.096) | 0.042 | −1.343 (−4.095, 1.410) | 0.335 |
11–15 | −4.792 (−8.563, −1.021) | 0.013 | −3.154 (−7.825, 1.517) | 0.183 |
>15 | −3.697 (−7.202, −0.192) | 0.039 | −5.103 (−10.815, 0.609) | 0.079 |
Workplace | 0.211 | 0.743 | ||
Public hospital (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Private hospital | 0.321 (−2.442, 3.084) | 0.818 | 1.346 (−1.055, 3.747) | 0.268 |
Department of Health | −2.088 (−4.082, −0.095) | 0.040 | 0.298 (−2.630, 3.225) | 0.840 |
Others | −0.707 (−4.747, 3.334) | 0.730 | 0.227 (−3.107, 3.561) | 0.893 |
Number of household members lived with | 0.477 | 0.591 | ||
0 | −1.733 (−6.778, 3.312) | 0.498 | 0.582 (−3.965, 5.129) | 0.800 |
1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
2 | 0.830 (−1.707, 3.367) | 0.518 | −0.617 (−2.833, 1.600) | 0.582 |
3 | 1.910 (−0.490, 4.309) | 0.118 | 0.266 (−1.736, 2.268) | 0.792 |
4 | 1.100 (−1.526, 3.726) | 0.408 | −0.204 (−2.326, 1.918) | 0.849 |
≥5 | 0.661 (−2.506, 3.827) | 0.680 | −1.797 (−4.549, 0.954) | 0.198 |
Hours spent on online learning per week | 0.857 | 0.068 | ||
0–8 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
9–16 | −0.642 (−2.185, 0.902) | 0.412 | 0.086 (−1.184, 1.355) | 0.894 |
17–25 | −0.824 (−4.551, 2.902) | 0.662 | −0.485 (−3.599, 2.628) | 0.757 |
≥26 | −0.281 (−3.475, 2.912) | 0.862 | 3.937 (0.897, 6.976) | 0.012 |
Average days in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases | 0.260 | 0.722 | ||
<14 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
14–30 | 1.976 (−0.176, 4.129) | 0.072 | 0.992 (−0.760, 2.744) | 0.263 |
31–30 | 0.174 (−2.156, 2.503) | 0.883 | −0.047 (−1.957, 1.864) | 0.961 |
≥60 | 1.119 (−0.713, 2.950) | 0.229 | 0.192 (−1.487, 1.871) | 0.821 |
Ever attended mindfulness or resilience building workshop | ||||
Yes | −1.318 (−3.391, 0.756) | 0.211 | −1.156 (−3.100, 0.787) | 0.240 |
No (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Resilience score | −0.371 (−0.481, −0.260) | <0.001 | −0.188 (−0.327, −0.050) | 0.008 |
Avoidance coping score | 0.269 (0.132, 0.406) | <0.001 | 0.121 (−0.029, 0.271) | 0.111 |
Approach coping score | −0.029 (−0.162, 0.105) | 0.672 | −0.013 (−0.159, 0.133) | 0.859 |
Stress-related factors (scores) | ||||
Anxiety about infection | 0.427 (0.307, 0.547) | <0.001 | 0.053 (−0.129, 0.236) | 0.564 |
Exhaustion | 0.875 (0.687, 1.062) | <0.001 | 0.612 (0.298, 0.925) | <0.001 |
Workload | 1.225 (0.821, 1.629) | <0.001 | 0.077 (−0.454, 0.607) | 0.775 |
Feeling of being protected | −0.358 (−0.816, 0.100) | 0.125 | −0.174 (−0.613, 0.265) | 0.433 |
Part-time study | 1.438 (0.873, 2.002) | <0.001 | 0.117 (−0.557, 0.790) | 0.731 |
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value | Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value | |
Program of study | ||||
Bachelor’s degree | 0.191 (−0.264, 0.645) | −0.206 (−0.731, 0.318) | ||
Master’s degree (reference) | 0 | 0.408 | 0 | 0.436 |
Year of study | ||||
Year 1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Year 2 | −0.097 (−0.562, 0.368) | 0.680 | −0.027 (−0.493, 0.439) | 0.910 |
Age group (years) | 0.111 | 0.595 | ||
22–25 | 0.615 (−0.231, 1.462) | 0.153 | 0 | |
26–30 | 0.598 (−0.165, 1.362) | 0.123 | −0.011 (−1.707, 1.684) | 0.989 |
31–35 | 0.000 (−0.847, 0.847) | 1.000 | 0.004 (−1.585, 1.592) | 0.996 |
≥36 (reference) | 0 | −0.484 (−2.083, 1.115) | 0.549 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 0.375 (−0.301, 1.051) | 0.230 (−0.476, 0.935) | ||
Female (reference) | 0 | 0.274 | 0 | 0.519 |
Marital status | 0.142 | 0.681 | ||
Single (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Married | −0.558 (−1.119, 0.004) | 0.052 | −0.328 (−1.070, 0.414) | 0.382 |
Divorced/widowed | −0.418 (−2.206, 1.371) | 0.645 | −0.276 (−2.491, 1.939) | 0.805 |
Post-registration work experience (years) | 0.098 | 0.860 | ||
<1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
1–5 | −0.658 (−1.471, 0.154) | 0.111 | −0.482 (−1.368, 0.404) | 0.283 |
6–10 | −0.917 (−1.776, −0.058) | 0.037 | −0.388 (−1.447, 0.671) | 0.469 |
11–15 | −1.545 (−2.747, −0.344) | 0.012 | −0.246 (−2.043, 1.551) | 0.786 |
>15 | −0.990 (−2.107, 0.127) | 0.082 | −0.399 (−2.597, 1.799) | 0.719 |
Workplace | 0.227 | 0.876 | ||
Public hospital (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
Private hospital | −0.146 (−1.023, 0.731) | 0.742 | 0.125 (−0.799, 1.049) | 0.789 |
Department of Health | −0.608 (−1.241, 0.024) | 0.059 | 0.246 (−0.881, 1.372) | 0.666 |
Others | −0.674 (−1.956, 0.608) | 0.300 | −0.413 (−1.696, 0.870) | 0.524 |
Number of household members lived with | 0.882 | 0.817 | ||
0 | −0.267 (−1.885, 1.352) | 0.745 | −0.283 (−2.033, 1.466) | 0.748 |
1 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
2 | 0.193 (−0.621, 1.007) | 0.639 | −0.429 (−1.282, 0.423) | 0.320 |
3 | 0.376 (−0.394, 1.146) | 0.335 | −0.129 (−0.900, 0.641) | 0.739 |
4 | 0.150 (−0.692, 0.992) | 0.725 | −0.390 (−1.206, 0.427) | 0.346 |
≥5 | 0.036 (−0.979, 1.052) | 0.944 | −0.571 (−1.630, 0.487) | 0.286 |
Hours spent on online learning per week | 0.458 | 0.851 | ||
0–8 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
9–16 | −0.053 (−0.538, 0.433) | 0.830 | 0.166 (−0.322, 0.655) | 0.501 |
17–25 | −0.479 (−1.652, 0.694) | 0.421 | −0.247 (−1.446, 0.951) | 0.683 |
≥26 | −0.736 (−1.741, 0.269) | 0.150 | 0.231 (−0.938, 1.401) | 0.695 |
Average days in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases | 0.598 | 0.904 | ||
<14 (reference) | 0 | 0 | ||
14–30 | 0.226 (−0.463, 0.914) | 0.518 | −0.090 (−0.764, 0.584) | 0.792 |
31–30 | 0.343 (−0.402, 1.089) | 0.364 | 0.172 (−0.563, 0.907) | 0.643 |
≥60 | 0.343 (−0.243, 0.929) | 0.248 | 0.157 (−0.489, 0.803) | 0.630 |
Ever attended mindfulness or resilience building workshop | ||||
Yes | −0.312 (−0.971, 0.348) | −0.079 (−0.827, 0.669) | ||
No (reference) | 0 | 0.351 | 0 | 0.834 |
Resilience score | −0.099 (−0.135, −0.062) | <0.001 | −0.032 (−0.085, 0.021) | 0.237 |
Avoidance coping score | 0.048 (0.003, 0.094) | 0.036 | 0.008 (−0.049, 0.066) | 0.771 |
Approach coping score | −0.032 (−0.074, 0.010) | 0.130 | −0.019 (−0.075, 0.037) | 0.509 |
Stress-related factors (scores) | ||||
Anxiety about infection | 0.122 (0.083, 0.162) | <0.001 | 0.071 (0.001, 0.141) | 0.048 |
Exhaustion | 0.210 (0.142, 0.278) | <0.001 | 0.109 (−0.012, 0.229) | 0.076 |
Workload | 0.347 (0.215, 0.479) | <0.001 | 0.044 (−0.160, 0.249) | 0.667 |
Feeling of being protected | −0.191 (−0.334, −0.048) | 0.009 | −0.151 (−0.320, 0.018) | 0.079 |
Part-time study | 0.342 (0.156, 0.529) | <0.001 | −0.071 (−0.330, 0.188) | 0.588 |
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Chan, S.-L.; Takemura, N.; Chau, P.-H.; Lin, C.-C.; Wang, M.-P. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Licensed Full-Time Practicing Nurses Undertaking Part-Time Studies in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168569
Chan S-L, Takemura N, Chau P-H, Lin C-C, Wang M-P. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Licensed Full-Time Practicing Nurses Undertaking Part-Time Studies in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168569
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Siu-Ling, Naomi Takemura, Pui-Hing Chau, Chia-Chin Lin, and Man-Ping Wang. 2021. "Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Licensed Full-Time Practicing Nurses Undertaking Part-Time Studies in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168569