Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue: A Review over the Last Decade for the Preservation of the Athletes’ Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Biomarkers of Cardiac Fatigue and Cardiac Stress after a Marathon
3.3. Cardiovascular Function after Marathon
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Methods/Parameters | Pre-Marathon | Post-Marathon | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers Analyses | ||||
Traiperm [25] | ||||
cTnT (ng/mL) | ||||
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | Curvilinear relationship between NT-ProBNP increment and running time (r2 = 0.359) | <0.05 | ||
Kaleta-Duss [15] | ||||
CK (U/l) | 148 ± 76.3 | 411 ± 170 | <0.001 | |
hs-cTnI (ng/mL) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | |
H-FABP (ng/mL) | 2.22 ± 1.18 | 13.57 ± 9.63 | <0.001 | |
BNP (pg/mL) | 79.86 ± 53.11 | 155.38 ± 156.23 | <0.001 | |
NT-proANP (pg/mL) | 469.25 ± 155.44 | 753.3 ± 176.60 | <0.001 | |
Gal-3 (ng/mL) | 8.53 ± 3.04 | 10.65 ± 2.33 | <0.001 | |
GDF-15 (pg/mL) | 50.97 ± 27.61 | 137.34 ± 85.19 | <0.001 | |
Martinez-Navarro [16] | ||||
hs-cTnT (ng/L) | 5.74 ± 5.29 | 50.4 ± 57.04 | <0.001 | |
Sierra [26] | ||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 581 ± 1529 | 87 ± 53 | NS | |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 3099 ± 6511 | 1450 ± 6233 | NS | |
IL-12p40 (pg/mL) | 3775 ± 12406 | 285 ± 131 | <0.05 | |
IL-23 (pg/mL) | 3722 ± 12115 | 1004 ± 254 | <0.05 | |
IL-33 (pg/mL) | 412 ± 1546 | 267 ± 145 | <0.05 | |
TSLP (pg/mL) | 387 ± 1974 | 20 ± 16 | <0.05 | |
eNO (ppb) | 20 ± 11 | 35 ± 19 | ↑ | |
Wegberger [17] | ||||
Troponin I (µg/L) | btw 0–0.01 | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 0.016 | |
CK (U/L) | btw 0–250 | 425 (327–681) | 0.001 | |
Copeptin (pmol/L) | btw 0–20 | 26.25 (16.29–39.02) | 0.078 | |
NT-proBNP (ng/L) | btw 0–100 | 132 (64–198) | 0.001 | |
MR-proADM (nmol/L) | btw 0.25–0.60 | 0.88 (0.55–0.99) | 0.023 | |
de Gonzalo-Calvo [18] | ||||
hs-cTnT (pg/mL) | btw 0–5 | btw 0–35 | <0.01 | |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | btw 0–25 | btw 0–110 | <0.05 | |
CK (U/L) | btw 0–150 | btw 0–300 | <0.001 | |
hFABP (ng/mL) | btw 0–3 | btw 0–24 | <0.01 | |
Gal-3 (ng/mL) | btw 0–7 | btw 0–22 | <0.001 | |
Kosowski [19] | ||||
hs-cTnI (pg/mL) | 3.67 (1.88–5.38) | 22 (9.58–34.56) | <0.001 | |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 50 (33–73) | 169 (112–365) | <0.001 | |
ET-1 (pg/mL) | 3.03 (2.5–3.4) | 5.22 (4.4–5.89) | <0.001 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.79–0.98) | 1.39 (1.22–1.56) | <0.001 | |
Richardson [20] | ||||
cTnT (ng/L) | 5.60 ± 3.27 | 74.52 ± 30.39 | <0.001 | |
Sengupta [9] | ||||
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 86.0 ± 9.5 | 106.5 ± 24.2 | 0.001 | |
Clauss [24] | ||||
Chromogranin A (pg/mL) | btw 0–60 | btw 0–90 | <0.001 | |
NT-proBNP (ng/mL) | btw 0–30 | btw 0–110 | <0.001 | |
Roca [21] | ||||
NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 70 (70–70) | 92 (70–147) | <0.001 | |
ST2 (ng/mL) | 34.2 (24.7–40.9) | 54.2 (38.2–72.4) | <0.001 | |
hs-TnT (ng/L) | 2.9 (1.7–7) | 46.9 (24.1–91.1) | <0.001 | |
Bekos [28] | ||||
sRAGE (pg/mL) | btw 250–600 | btw 400–750 | <0.001 | |
ST2 (pg/mL) | btw 0–250 | btw 125–400 | <0.001 | |
Niemelä [27] | ||||
suPAR (ng/mL) | btw 0.5–2 | btw 1.2–3.5 | <0.01 | |
CD163 (ng/mL) | btw 300–800 | btw 500–1100 | <0.05 | |
CRP (mg/L) | btw 0–12 | btw 0–22 | <0.05 | |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | btw 0–8 | btw 17–25 | <0.01 | |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | btw 5–12 | btw 25–42 | <0.05 | |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | btw 0–1 | btw 1–3.5 | <0.05 | |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | btw 0–1 | btw 1–2.5 | NS | |
TGF-β (pg/mL) | btw 500–1000 | btw 0–1000 | NS | |
Martin [22] | ||||
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 1.42 ± 0.24 | <0.001 | |
CK (U/L) | 133 ± 60 | 367 ± 167 | <0.001 | |
White blood cells (thousand/μL) | 5.75 ± 1.19 | 15.77 ± 3.29 | <0.001 | |
Neutrophils (cells/μL) | 3420 ± 1049 | 13580 ± 3019 | <0.001 | |
Scherr [23] | ||||
hs-cTnT (ng/L) | 3 (3–5) | 31 (19–47) | <0.001 | |
NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 27 (14–40) | 93 (57–150) | <0.001 | |
h-FABP (Kg/L) | 7 (5–10) | 45 (32–64) | <0.001 | |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.52 (0.30–0.93) | 0.40 (0.24–0.85) | <0.001 | |
IL-6 (ng/L) | 2.1 (1.9–2.2) | 32 (21–41) | <0.001 | |
IL-10 (ng/L) | 5.1 (4.9–5.4) | 20 (11–50) | <0.001 | |
TNF-α (ng/L) | 9 (7–10) | 10 (9–12) | <0.001 | |
Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | <0.001 | |
Baggish [29] | ||||
c-miR-1 (fold change) | 21.8 | 0.04 | ||
c-miR-126 (fold change) | 1.9 | <0.001 | ||
c-miR-133 (fold change) | 18.5 | 0.02 | ||
c-miR-134 (fold change) | 1.9 | <0.001 | ||
c-miR-146a (fold change) | 3.3 | <0.001 | ||
hsCRP (fold change) | 1.0 | 1.000 | ||
Echography, HRV & STE analyses | ||||
Lewicka-Potocka [30] | ||||
LV EF (%) | 61.8 ± 4.9 | 60.5 ± 4.4 | 0.38 | |
LV GLS (%) | −19.9 ± 2.3 | −19.4 ± 2.1 | 0.41 | |
RV 4CSL (%) | −22.0 ± 2.8 | −20.80 ± 2.6 | <0.05 | |
TAPSE (mm) | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 0.56 | |
RVd MID (cm) | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | <0.01 | |
RVd BAS (cm) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.44 | |
LVd BAS (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
RVd/LVd BAS | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 0.82 ± 0.1 | <0.05 | |
Roeh [31] | ||||
E/A | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
E/e’ mean | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 0.6 | |
DT (s) | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | |
Vmin (mL/m2) | 11.4 ± 3.7 | 9.9 ± 3.5 | <0.01 | |
Vmax (mL/m2) | 28.0 ± 6.2 | 25.0 ± 7.0 | <0.01 | |
Total-SV (mL/m2) | 59.6 ± 7.8 | 60.7 ± 6.0 | 0.3 | |
Total-EF (%) | 34.9 ± 8.6 | 31.33 ± 10.2 | <0.01 | |
ASV (mL/m2) | 16.6 ± 3.8 | 15.1 ± 4.1 | <0.01 | |
True-EF (%) | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 4.8 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | |
Sengupta [9] | ||||
Heart rate (beats/minute) | 74.1 ± 6.4 | 64.5 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123 ± 11 | 120 ± 9 | 0.214 | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 ± 5 | 79 ± 5 | 0.675 | |
IVSd (cm) | 0.94 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.005 | |
LV mass (gm) | 0.94 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.005 | |
LV mass (gm) | 120.2 ± 30.0 | 160.3 ± 43.0 | <0.001 | |
LVEDV (mL) | 61.8 ± 16.5 | 72.8 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | |
LVESV (mL) | 21.9 ± 7.5 | 20.3 ± 3.7 | 0.191 | |
LVEF (%) | 64.9 ± 5.6 | 72.0 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | |
Mitral E (cm/s) | 89.8 ± 17.1 | 80.1 ± 17.0 | 0.001 | |
Mitral annular e0 (cm/s) | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 0.638 | |
Mitral E/e0 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 0.227 | |
Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 23.2 ± 6.1 | 19.0 ± 6.5 | 0.01 | |
LV global longitudinal strain (%) | −19.3 ± 2.71 | −16.5 ± 4.6 | 0.003 | |
LV global circumferential strain (%) | −17.2 ± 2.41 | −15.2 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | |
LV global radial strain (%) | 31.9 ± 7.4 | 30.9 ± 1.3 | 0.422 | |
Mertová [32] | ||||
Sympathovagal balance | - | Ln LF/HF | ↑ | |
Heart rate (bpm) | - | +30 | ||
Sierra [33] | ||||
Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 51 (46–52) | 46 (43–49) | <0.05 | |
Peak VE (L/min) | 134 (99–148) | 120 (111–147) | NS | |
VE/VCO2 slope | 34 (30–41) | 31 (27–39) | <0.05 | |
HR | 62 (60–67) | 104 (101–111) | <0.05 | |
Systolic volume | 80 (79–100) | 61 (51–68) | <0.05 | |
Cardiac output | 5354(4747–6458) | 6234(5238–7433) | NS | |
LVEDD | 51(49–52) | 51 (45–58) | NS | |
LVESD | 32 (29–32) | 32 (28–34) | NS | |
EF | 67 (66–70) | 62 (61–67) | NS | |
E wave | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <0.05 | |
A wave | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | NS | |
E/A ratio | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.05 | |
s’ wave | 8.8 (8.2–9.7) | 6.7 (5.9–8.0) | <0.05 | |
e’ wave | 9.2 (8.4–10.6) | 8.5 (6.4–10.4) | NS | |
a’ wave | 8.1 (7.6–9.1) | 7.6 (6.6–9.6) | NS | |
E/e’ ratio | 0.09 (0.08–0.10) | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) | NS | |
Hanssen [34] | ||||
Heart rate (beats/min) | 57 ± 7 | 86 ± 13 | <0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ±13 | 121 ± 12 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86 ± 8 | 74 ± 7 | <0.001 | |
LVEF (%) | 65 ± 4 | 67 ± 5 | 0.280 | |
LV end-diastolic volume (cm3) | 120 ± 25 | 113 ± 27 | 0.142 | |
E (cm/s) | 74 ± 14 | 66 ± 14 | 0.054 | |
A (cm/s) | 56 ± 13 | 72 ± 12 | <0.001 | |
E /A ratio | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
Septal E’ (cm/s) | 10 ± 1 | 8 ± 2 | 0.001 | |
Septal A’ (cm/s) | 10 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 | 0.001 | |
E /E’ ratio | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 3.4 | 0.871 | |
Chan-Dewar [35] | ||||
Sub-epicardial radial strain (%) | 32.6 ± 12.5 | 20.3 ± 9.6% | <0.01 | |
Sub-endocardial circumferential strain (%) | −26.9 ± 3.6 | −23.7 ± 4.1 | <0.01 | |
EF | 63 ± 5 | 62 ± 7 | NS | |
E/A | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
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Vitiello, D.; Palacin, F.; Poinsard, L.; Kirsch, M.; Jouini, S.; Billat, V. Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue: A Review over the Last Decade for the Preservation of the Athletes’ Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168676
Vitiello D, Palacin F, Poinsard L, Kirsch M, Jouini S, Billat V. Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue: A Review over the Last Decade for the Preservation of the Athletes’ Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168676
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitiello, Damien, Florent Palacin, Luc Poinsard, Marine Kirsch, Steeve Jouini, and Véronique Billat. 2021. "Marathon-Induced Cardiac Fatigue: A Review over the Last Decade for the Preservation of the Athletes’ Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168676