Assessment of Radioactivity Level in the Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Yangjiang and Its Adjacent Areas (China)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Preparation
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides
2.2.2. 90Sr
2.2.3. Gross Beta
3. Results
3.1. Terrestrial Organisms
3.1.1. Unhulled Rice from Dongping and Dagou (Crops, n = 2)
3.1.2. Sweet Potatoes from Dongping, Dagou and Huangjiangwei (Potatoes, n = 3)
3.1.3. Turnip and Bok-choy and Sugarcane (Vegetables/Fruits)
3.1.4. Twitch Grass from Dagou, Dongping and Huangjiangwei (Fodder, n = 3)
3.1.5. Chicken and Freshwater Fish (Meat/Fish)
3.2. Marine Organisms
3.2.1. Sea Fish (n = 4) from Dongping, Zhapo and Xiachuan
3.2.2. Sea Shrimp from Dongping, Zhapo and Xiachuan (n = 5)
3.2.3. Mollusks (e.g., Oysters, Mussels) from Dongping, Zhapo and Xiachuan (n = 5)
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences and Comparisons of the Organismal Species
4.2. Radiological Risk Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Sorts | Date | Natural Radionuclides | Gross Beta | Anthropogenic Radionuclides | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M/D/Y | 238U | 228Th | 226Ra | 40K | 137Cs | 90Sr | |||
Terrestrial organisms from Dongping, Yangjiang city | |||||||||
Unhulled rice | Crops | 12/3/2012 | 2.34 ± 0.68 | 3.70 ± 0.32 | 3.58 ± 0.19 | 66.3 ± 2.8 | 75.8 ± 2.3 | 0.023 ± 0.017 | 0.096 ± 0.009 |
Sweet potato | Potatoes | 12/3/2012 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 85.6 ± 3.8 | 92.2 ± 3.1 | 0.043 ± 0.009 | 0.058 ± 0.005 |
Bok-choy | Vegetables/fruits | 12/3/2012 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 66.9 ± 2.8 | 72.1 ± 0.6 | 0.013 ± 0.005 | 0.041 ± 0.004 |
Turnip | 12/3/2012 | <0.09 | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 79.5 ± 3.5 | 83.3 ± 3.2 | 0.026 ± 0.006 | 0.058 ± 0.004 | |
Twitch grass | Fodder | 12/3/2012 | 2.17 ± 0.60 | 1.37 ± 0.17 | 2.98 ± 0.17 | 122 ± 5.6 | 113.2 ± 6.7 | 0.053 ± 0.022 | 0.192 ± 0.014 |
Chicken | Meat/fish/shrimp | 12/3/2012 | 0.77 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 55.3 ± 2.3 | 75.1 ± 4.7 | 0.020 ± 0.002 | 0.021 ± 0.018 |
Marine organisms from Dongping, Yangjiang city | |||||||||
Sea fish | Meat/fish /shrimp | 8/5/2011 | <0.38 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 67.9 ± 2.8 | 81.5 ± 8.2 | 0.054 ± 0.008 | - |
4/23/2012 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | 0.68 ± 0.28 | 53.1 ± 2.2 | 54.8 ± 2.7 | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 0.138 ± 0.008 | ||
Sea shrimp | 8/5/2011 | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 14.5 ± 0.6 | 2.16 ± 0.05 | 47.9 ± 2.0 | 51.8 ± 5.2 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | - | |
8/23/2012 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 14.2 ± 0.11 | 2.50 ± 0.10 | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 23.9 ± 1.2 | <0.005 | 0.243 ± 0.011 | ||
Oysters | 8/5/2011 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 17.7 ± 0.7 | 24.2 ± 2.5 | <0.004 | - | |
4/23/2012 | <0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 2.37 ± 0.13 | 20.5 ± 0.9 | 20.0 ± 1.0 | 0.020 ± 0.010 | 0.118 ± 0.005 | ||
Terrestrial organisms sampled from Dagou, Yangjiang city | |||||||||
Unhulled rice | Crops | 12/3/2012 | <0.20 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 40.0 ± 1.8 | 58.1 ± 1.9 | 0.035 ± 0.013 | 0.119 ± 0.009 |
Sweet potato | Potatoes | 12/3/2012 | 0.41 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 123.2 ± 5.5 | 127 ± 5.4 | 0.040 ± 0.009 | 0.107 ± 0.010 |
Turnip | Vegetables/fruits | 12/3/2012 | <0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 66.4 ± 3.0 | 71.8 ± 2.1 | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.045 ± 0.003 |
Twitch grass | Fodder | 12/3/2012 | 5.20 ± 0.40 | 4.80 ± 0.39 | 2.79 ± 0.17 | 148 ± 6.7 | 143.0 ± 7.2 | 0.088 ± 0.030 | 0.158 ± 0.016 |
Tilapia | Meat/fish/shrimp | 12/3/2012 | 1.18 ± 0.14 | 3.44 ± 0.14 | 1.78 ± 0.06 | 61.6 ± 2.6 | 60.1 ± 3.1 | <0.033 | 0.316 ± 0.025 |
Organisms sampled from Huangjiangwei, Yangjiang city | |||||||||
Sweet potato | Potatoes | 12/3/2012 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 49.3 ± 2.2 | 45.4 ± 2.3 | 0.037 ± 0.007 | 0.058 ± 0.005 |
Turnip | Vegetables/fruits | 12/3/2012 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | 1.22 ± 0.07 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 61.5 ± 2.7 | 70.1 ± 2.0 | <0.003 | 0.028 ± 0.003 |
Sugarcane | 12/3/2012 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 39.1 ± 1.8 | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 0.048 ± 0.011 | 0.030 ± 0.002 | |
Twitch grass | Fodder | 12/3/2012 | 1.56 ± 0.21 | 3.72 ± 0.29 | 2.39 ± 0.14 | 120 ± 5.4 | 112.4 ± 5.6 | <0.013 | 0.198 ± 0.15 |
Marine organisms sampled from Zhapo, Yangjiang city | |||||||||
Sea fish | Meat/fish/shrimp | 8/5/2011 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 40.8 ± 1.7 | 45.6 ± 4.6 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | - |
Sea shrimp | 8/5/2011 | <0.20 | 4.01 ± 0.16 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 25.7 ± 1.1 | 32.5 ± 3.3 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | - | |
8/24/2012 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 2.34 ± 0.10 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 36.4 ± 1.5 | 36.9 ± 3.7 | 0.019 ± 0.003 | - | ||
Oysters | 8/5/2011 | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | - | |
Marine organisms sampled from Xiachuan, Jiangmen city | |||||||||
Sea fish | Meat/fish/shrimp | 8/5/2011 | <0.0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.5 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 56.0 ± 2.4 | 59.8 ± 6.0 | 0.016 ± 0.009 | - |
Sea shrimp | 8/5/2011 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 2.08 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 20.7 ± 0.9 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | - | |
Oysters | 8/5/2011 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 13.7 ± 0.6 | 20.7 ± 2.0 | <0.007 | - | |
Mussels | 4/24/2012 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 1.62 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 21.2 ± 2.1 | <0.014 | - |
Food Sorts | 238U (Bq/kg) | 228Th (Bq/kg) | 226Ra (Bq/kg) | 40K (Bq/kg) | 137Cs (Bq/kg) | 90Sr (Bq/kg) | Ca b (kg/a) | Y (%) | In-Dose d (μSv/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DC (nSv/Bq) a | 45.0 | 72.0 | 280 | 6.2 | 13.0 | 28.0 | |||
Unhulled rice (n = 3) | <9.00–105.30 53.78 ± 30.6 | 46.08–266.40 156.24 ± 14.40 | 274.40–1002.40 638.4 ± 36.4 | 248.0–411.1 329.5 ± 14.3 | 0.299–0.455 00.377 ± 0.195 | 2.688–3.332 3.010 ± 0.252 | 112.2 | 68 | 43.77–136.49 90.13 ± 7.33 |
Sweet Potatoes (n = 3) | 17.55–39.15 25.05 ± 4.50 | 54.72–73.44 63.60 ± 4.08 | 212.80–352.80 264.13 ± 15.87 | 305.7–763.8 533.4 ± 23.8 | 0.481–0.559 0.520 ± 0.108 | 1.624–2.996 2.081 ± 0.187 | 47.6 | 100 | 28.22–58.68 42.31 ± 2.31 |
Turnip (n = 3) | <2.25–22.95 8.18 ± 3.15 | 31.68–87.84 51.84 ± 3.36 | 58.80–226.80 151.20 ± 7.47 | 381.3–492.9 428.6 ± 19.0 | <0.039–0.429 0.260 ± 0.059 | 0.784–1.624 1.223 ± 0.093 | 38.7 | 100 | 18.32–32.22 24.82 ± 1.28 |
Bok-choy (n = 1) | 18.00 ± 2.25 | 23.04 ± 1.44 | 198.80 ± 5.60 | 414.78 ± 17.36 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 1.15 ± 0.11 | 38.7 | 100 | 25.38 ± 1.04 |
Chicken (n = 1) | 34.65 ± 4.05 | 66.24 ± 2.88 | 193.20 ± 5.60 | 342.86 ± 14.26 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.50 | 10 | 60 | 3.83 ± 0.16 |
Freshwater Fish (n = 1) Tilapia | 53.10 ± 6.30 | 247.68 ± 10.08 | 498.40 ± 16.80 | 381.92 ± 16.12 | <0.429 | 8.85 ± 0.70 | 36 | 60 | 25.70 ± 1.08 |
Sea Fish (n = 4) | 13.05–23.40 14.12 ± 4.50 | 32.40–100.80 59.40 ± 11.16 | 33.60–190.40 84.70 ± 22.40 | 253.0–421.0 337.6 ± 14.1 | 0.195–0.702 0.335 ± 0.081 | 3.864 ± 0.224 | 36 | 60 | 7.26–15.99 10.80 ± 1.13 |
Sea/freshwater Fish (n = 5) | 13.05–53.10 14.87 ± 5.10 | 32.40–247.68 97.06 ± 10.94 | 33.60–498.40 167.44 ± 21.28 | 253.0–421.0 346.5 ± 14.5 | <0.429–0.702 0.289 ± 0.081 | 3.864–8.848 6.356 ± 0.462 | 36 | 60 | 7.26–26.56 13.66 ± 1.13 |
Seashrimp (n = 5) | 9.00–36.45 18.27 ± 3.49 | 149.76–1044.0 534.67 ± 15.26 | 123.20–700.00 348.88 ± 11.76 | 101.7–297.0 182.4 ± 7.7 | 0.104–0.247 0.141 ± 0.042 | 6.804 ± 0.308 | 18 | 60 | 4.22–22.44 11.71 ± 0.41 |
Oysters (n = 4) | 24.75–29.25 20.81 ± 2.25 | 21.60–46.08 33.12 ± 1.80 | 30.80–663.60 197.40 ± 11.20 | 109.7–127.1 111.4 ± 4.7 | 0.091–0.260 0.106 ± 0.078 | 3.304 ± 0.140 | 18 | 100 | 1.79–9.36 3.95 ± 0.22 |
Mussels (n = 1) | 41.85 ± 4.05 | 116.64 ± 5.04 | 134.40 ± 5.60 | 68.82 ± 3.10 | <0.05 | / c | 18 | 100 | 3.91 ± 0.19 |
Mollusic(Oysters/mussels) (n = 5) | 24.75–41.85 25.02 ± 2.70 | 21.60–116.64 49.82 ± 2.45 | 30.80–663.60 184.80 ± 10.08 | 68.8–127.1 102.9 ± 4.3 | 0.091–0.260 0.945 ± 0.07 | 3.304 ± 0.140 | 18 | 100 | 1.61–10.29 3.96 ± 0.21 |
Sugarcane(n = 1) | 14.85 ± 4.95 | 47.52 ± 4.32 | 137.20 ± 8.40 | 242.42 ± 11.16 | 0.62 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 5.1 | 80 | 1.81 ± 0.12 |
Twitchgrass (n = 3) | 70.20–234.00 133.95 ± 18.15 | 98.64–345.60 237.36 ± 20.40 | 669.20–834.40 761.60 ± 44.80 | 744.0–917.6 806.0 ± 36.6 | 0.689–1.144 0.917 ± 0.338 | 4.424–5.544 5.115 ± 0.420 | - e | - e | 0.00015–0.00022 0.00018 ± 0.00001 |
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Li, D.; Jiang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, F.; Zhou, P. Assessment of Radioactivity Level in the Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Yangjiang and Its Adjacent Areas (China). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168767
Li D, Jiang Z, Zhao L, Zhao F, Zhou P. Assessment of Radioactivity Level in the Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Yangjiang and Its Adjacent Areas (China). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168767
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dongmei, Zhongchen Jiang, Li Zhao, Feng Zhao, and Peng Zhou. 2021. "Assessment of Radioactivity Level in the Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Yangjiang and Its Adjacent Areas (China)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168767