The Influences of Community-Enriched Environment on the Cognitive Trajectories of Elderly People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Cognitive Ability
3.2.2. Community-Enriched Environment
3.2.3. Covariates
3.3. Strategies
4. Results
4.1. The Changing Curve Models of Elderly People’s Cognitive Abilities
4.2. Multilevel Regression Model of Changes in Cognitive Abilities
4.3. The Heterogeneity of Changes in Cognitive Abilities
5. Discussion
5.1. The Changing Trend of Elderly People’s Cognitive Functions
5.2. Community-Enriched Environments and Cognitive Trajectories
5.3. Advantages, Shortages, and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features | 2005 | 2008 | 2011 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | Male | 4940 | 49.12 | 2091 | 52.35 | 1239 | 51.91 | 899 | 51.40 |
Female | 5117 | 50.88 | 1903 | 47.65 | 1148 | 48.09 | 850 | 48.60 | |
Place of residence | Urban areas | 2504 | 24.90 | 915 | 22.91 | 548 | 22.96 | 378 | 21.61 |
Towns | 2027 | 20.16 | 851 | 21.31 | 836 | 35.02 | 696 | 39.79 | |
Rural areas | 5526 | 54.95 | 2228 | 55.78 | 1003 | 42.02 | 675 | 38.69 | |
Economic conditions | Rich | 1789 | 17.79 | 555 | 13.90 | 492 | 20.61 | 348 | 19.90 |
Ordinary | 6815 | 67.76 | 2807 | 70.28 | 1517 | 63.55 | 1228 | 70.21 | |
Not rich | 1453 | 14.45 | 632 | 15.82 | 378 | 15.84 | 173 | 9.89 | |
Average number | |||||||||
Age | (years) | 82.54 | 80.77 | 81.14 | 82.28 | ||||
Education | (years) | 2.64 | 2.99 | 3.18 | 3.07 | ||||
Cognition | (points) | 26.64 | 26.93 | 27.20 | 27.30 |
Variables | (1) Random Intercept | (2) Random Slope | (3) Random Slope | (4) Random Slope |
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient | |
Age | −0.144 *** | −0.143 *** | −0.139 *** | −0.138 *** |
Age^2 | −0.003 *** | −0.003 *** | ||
Intercept | 26.679 *** | 26.737 *** | 26.945 *** | 26.945 *** |
Variance (age) | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.000 | |
Variance (age^2) | 0.000 | |||
Variance (intercept) | 4.631 | 2.655 | 2.654 | 3.086 |
Variance (residual error) | 9.443 | 8.846 | 8.819 | 8.999 |
Sample size | 18,187 | 18,187 | 18,187 | 18,187 |
−2LL | 98,602 | 98,240 | 98,166 | 98,082 |
(5) No Interactions | (6) Communities Organize Social Activities-Age Interactions | (7) Community Spiritual Consolation Service-Age Interactions | (8) Community Health Care Service-Age Interactions | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient | Regression Coefficient |
Age | −0.060 *** | −0.063 *** | −0.063 *** | −0.064 *** |
Age^2 | −0.001 *** | −0.001 *** | −0.001 *** | −0.001 ** |
Female | −0.650 *** | −0.648 *** | −0.651 *** | −0.647 *** |
No hearing disorders | 1.699 *** | 1.695 *** | 1.700 *** | 1.700 *** |
ADLs | −0.070 ** | −0.073** | −0.072 ** | −0.071 ** |
IADLs | −0.185 *** | −0.185 *** | −0.185 *** | −0.185 *** |
Education years | 0.126 *** | 0.126 *** | 0.126 *** | 0.126 *** |
Economic conditions | ||||
Ordinary | −0.224 ** | −0.221 ** | −0.223 ** | −0.220 ** |
Not rich | −0.501 *** | −0.501 *** | −0.502 *** | −0.498 *** |
Place of residence | ||||
Town | −0.288 *** | −0.289 *** | −0.287 *** | −0.289 *** |
Village | −0.425 *** | −0.426 *** | −0.422 *** | −0.423 *** |
Timely seeking of medical service in serious illness | 0.771 *** | 0.767 *** | 0.7682 *** | 0.766 *** |
Whom to chat with | ||||
Others | −0.335 *** | −0.343 *** | −0.342 *** | −0.341 *** |
No one | −1.146 *** | −1.149 *** | −1.144 *** | −1.146 *** |
Participation in social activities | 0.263 *** | 0.271 *** | 0.267 *** | 0.272 *** |
Engage in recreational activities individually | 1.151 *** | 1.137 *** | 1.145 *** | 1.141 *** |
Community organizes social activities | 0.244 ** | 0.197 | 0.249 ** | 0.244 ** |
Community provides the spiritual consolation service | 0.401 *** | 0.384 *** | 0.357 ** | 0.387 *** |
Community provides the medical care service | 0.165 ** | 0.163 ** | 0.164 ** | 0.226 ** |
Age * Community organizes social activities | 0.024 ** | |||
Age^2 * Community organizes social activities | 0.001 | |||
Age * Community provides the spiritual consolation service | 0.032 ** | |||
Age^2 * Community provides the spiritual consolation service | 0.000 | |||
Age * Community provides the medical care service | 0.021 ** | |||
Age^2 * Community provides the medical care service | −0.001 | |||
Intercept | 27.113 | 27.154 | 27.144 | 27.117 |
Variance (age) | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.019 |
Variance (intercept) | 1.258 | 1.253 | 1.258 | 1.253 |
Variance (residual error) | 8.354 | 8.356 | 8.350 | 8.356 |
Sample size | 18,187 | 18,187 | 18,187 | 18,187 |
−2LL | 95,138 | 95,128 | 95,128 | 95,130 |
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Yu, S.; Wei, M. The Influences of Community-Enriched Environment on the Cognitive Trajectories of Elderly People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168866
Yu S, Wei M. The Influences of Community-Enriched Environment on the Cognitive Trajectories of Elderly People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168866
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Shuyang, and Meng Wei. 2021. "The Influences of Community-Enriched Environment on the Cognitive Trajectories of Elderly People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168866