Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Conditions on Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Childhood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Natural Experiment Involving Public Housing in Denver
2.2. Analytical Approach Utilizing the Natural Experiment
2.3. Denver Child Study
2.4. Estimation of Neighborhood Indicators
2.5. Analytical Models
3. Results
Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Diagnosis during Childhood
- Social vulnerability was associated with a 40.6 percentage point increase in the probability of being diagnosed;
- Occupational prestige scale was associated with an 18.3 percentage point increase in the probability of being diagnosed;
- Resident instability was associated with a 12 percentage-point decrease in the probability of being diagnosed;
- The proportion of housing stock built before 1940 was associated with an 18.5 percentage-point increase in the probability of being diagnosed;
- The neurological hazards index was associated with a 42.7 percentage-point decrease in the probability of being diagnosed.
4. Discussion
4.1. Neighborhood Social Status
4.2. Neighborhood Physical Environment
4.3. Neighborhood Instability
5. Conclusions, Limitations and Implications
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Full Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean or Percent | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
Ever diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (%) | 6.6 | 24.9 | 0 | 1 |
Age of diagnosis for those diagnosed since DHA move-in | 6.46 | 2.65 | 2 | 14 |
Individual characteristics | ||||
Latina female (%) | 27.4 | 44.6 | 0 | 1 |
Latino male (%) | 30.8 | 46.2 | 0 | 1 |
African American female (%) | 19.2 | 39.4 | 0 | 1 |
African American male (%) | 22.6 | 41.9 | 0 | 1 |
Parent/caregiver (PC) characteristics at time of first offer | ||||
PC age | 30.5 | 8.8 | 16.2 | 67.9 |
PC has HS education or more (%) | 44.2 | 49.7 | 0 | 1 |
PC has disability | 5.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 1 |
PC is immigrant | 15.6 | 36.4 | 0 | 1 |
Household characteristics at time of first offer | ||||
Number of siblings in household | 1.21 | 1.27 | 0 | 5 |
Household income ($) | 10,164 | 10,338 | 0 | 39,520 |
Household stressor scale (0–5) | 0.88 | 1.05 | 0 | 4 |
Mean number of moves between birth and first offer | 2.08 | 2.44 | 0 | 12 |
N | 588 |
Full Sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean or Percent | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
Neighborhood characteristics at time of first offer | ||||
African American residents (%) | 15.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 85.4 |
Foreign-born residents (%) | 19.9 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 47.8 |
Social vulnerability index (0–400) | 168.5 | 64.4 | 44.2 | 286.7 |
Occupational prestige score (29–62) | 36.0 | 3.1 | 31.5 | 47.6 |
Property crime rate | 90.5 | 51.8 | 4.9 | 357.3 |
Residents who moved in the preceding 12 months (%) | 29.2 | 7.6 | 12.8 | 46.6 |
Housing built before 1940 (%) | 28.7 | 17.9 | 0.1 | 70.9 |
Neurological hazards index (rescaled by 100) | 8.6 | 1.9 | 5.3 | 17.9 |
Neighborhood characteristics at time of diagnosis | ||||
African American residents (%) | 14.0 | 15.2 | 0.2 | 75.3 |
Foreign-born residents (%) | 27.5 | 13.7 | 4.4 | 54.8 |
Social vulnerability index (0–400) | 132.9 | 65.8 | 37.2 | 289.0 |
Occupational prestige score (29–62) | 37.4 | 3.8 | 31.4 | 48.3 |
Property crime rate (per 1000) | 53.4 | 34.4 | 9.1 | 390.7 |
Residents who moved in the preceding 12 months (%) | 26.2 | 10.5 | 6.2 | 55.1 |
Housing built before 1940 (%) | 25.1 | 18.9 | 0.0 | 97.9 |
Neurological hazards index (rescaled by 100) | 8.0 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 13.5 |
N | 588 | |||
City and County of Denver, 2000 | ||||
African American residents (%) | 11.5 | 16.6 | ||
Foreign-born residents (%) | 15.8 | 10.7 | ||
Social vulnerability index (0–400) | 96.7 | 42.0 | ||
Occupational prestige score (29–62) | 41.1 | 4.4 | ||
Property crime rate (per 1000) | 48.3 | 47.0 | ||
Residents who moved in the preceding 12 months (%) | 27.8 | 12.3 | ||
Housing built before 1940 (%) | 25.1 | 25.7 | ||
Neurological hazards index (rescaled by 100) | 7.7 | 2.0 |
Full Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|
Individual characteristics | |||
Latina female | 0.042 | (0.076) | |
Latino male | 0.073 | (0.077) | |
African American female | 0.028 | (0.047) | |
Parent/caregiver characteristics at time of first offer | |||
PC age | 0.000 | (0.002) | |
PC immigrant | 0.048 | (0.054) | |
PC has a disability | 0.124 | (0.085) | |
PC has HS diploma or more | 0.035 | (0.045) | |
Household characteristics at time of first offer | |||
No. of siblings in household | −0.026 | (0.021) | |
Household income at first offer ($) | 0.013 | (0.021) | |
Household stressor scale (0–5) | 0.037 | (0.022) | |
Mean number of moves from birth to time of first offer | 0.019 | (0.020) | |
Neighborhood characteristics at time of diagnosis | |||
Social vulnerability score (0–400) | 0.406 | *** | (0.097) |
Occupational prestige score (29–62) | 0.183 | * | (0.079) |
African American residents (%) | −0.059 | (0.054) | |
Foreign-born residents (%) | 0.124 | (0.072) | |
Residents who moved in the preceding 12 months (%) | −0.120 | * | (0.059) |
Property crime rate (per 1000 residents) | 0.037 | (0.086) | |
Housing built before 1940 (%) | 0.185 | ** | (0.064) |
Neurological hazards index (scaled to 100) | −0.427 | *** | (0.071) |
N | 588 | ||
Wald χ2 | 206.88 | *** |
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Santiago, A.M.; Berg, K.A.; Leroux, J. Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Conditions on Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Childhood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179041
Santiago AM, Berg KA, Leroux J. Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Conditions on Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Childhood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179041
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago, Anna Maria, Kristen A. Berg, and Joffré Leroux. 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Conditions on Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Childhood" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179041