Pediatric Traffic Injuries on Halloween in the United Kingdom: Prevalence and Injury Severity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Casualties
2.3. Outcome and Variable Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Number of Casualties | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 43,625 | 59.28 |
Male | 29,962 | 40.72 |
Road type | ||
Rural | 6504 | 8.84 |
Urban | 67,083 | 91.16 |
Weather | ||
Fine | 59,076 | 80.28 |
Adverse | 14,511 | 19.72 |
Road condition | ||
Dry | 46,753 | 63.53 |
Not dry | 26,834 | 36.47 |
Period of 16:00 to 00:00 | ||
Weekday | 56,041 | 71.16 |
Weekend day | 831 | 1.13 |
Public holiday | 15,308 | 20.80 |
Halloween | 1407 | 1.91 |
Period of 16:00 to 17:00 | ||
Weekday | 8508 | 85.27 |
Weekend day | 59 | 0.59 |
Public holiday | 1283 | 12.86 |
Halloween | 128 | 1.28 |
Period of 17:00 to 18:00 | ||
Weekday | 9645 | 79.56 |
Weekend day | 43 | 0.35 |
Public holiday | 2062 | 17.01 |
Halloween | 373 | 3.08 |
Period of 18:00 to 19:00 | ||
Weekday | 10,284 | 77.90 |
Weekend day | 49 | 0.37 |
Public holiday | 2500 | 18.94 |
Halloween | 368 | 2.79 |
Period of 19:00 to 20:00 | ||
Weekday | 9679 | 75.81 |
Weekend day | 160 | 1.25 |
Public holiday | 2670 | 20.91 |
Halloween | 259 | 2.03 |
Period of 20:00 to 21:00 | ||
Weekday | 7269 | 71.58 |
Weekend day | 233 | 2.29 |
Public holiday | 2509 | 24.71 |
Halloween | 144 | 1.42 |
Period of 21:00 to 22:00 | ||
Weekday | 5828 | 72.45 |
Weekend day | 153 | 1.90 |
Public holiday | 1995 | 24.80 |
Halloween | 68 | 0.85 |
Period of 22:00 to 23:00 | ||
Weekday | 3073 | 68.36 |
Weekend day | 78 | 1.74 |
Public holiday | 1298 | 28.88 |
Halloween | 46 | 1.02 |
Period of 23:00 to 00:00 | ||
Weekday | 1755 | 62.17 |
Weekend day | 56 | 1.98 |
Public holiday | 991 | 35.10 |
Halloween | 21 | 0.74 |
Type of vehicle involved | ||
Automobile | 66,926 | 90.95 |
Large vehicle | 4215 | 5.73 |
Motorcycle | 2105 | 2.86 |
Bicycle | 341 | 0.46 |
Injury severity | ||
Slight injury | 55,358 | 75.23 |
KSI | 18,229 | 24.77 |
Total | 73,587 | 100.00 |
Characteristics | KSI n (%) | Slight Injury n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | <0.001 | ||
Female | 6943 (23.17%) | 23,019 (76.83%) | |
Male | 11,286 (25.87%) | 32,339 (74.13%) | |
Road type | <0.001 | ||
Rural | 2649 (40.73%) | 3855 (59.27%) | |
Urban | 15,580 (23.22%) | 51,503 (76.78%) | |
Weather | <0.001 | ||
Fine | 14,912 (25.24%) | 44,164 (74.76%) | |
Adverse | 3317 (22.86%) | 11,194 (77.14%) | |
Road condition | 0.662 | ||
Dry | 11,557 (24.72%) | 35,196 (75.28%) | |
Not dry | 6672 (24.86%) | 20,162 (75.14%) | |
Period of 16:00 to 17:00 | 0.450 | ||
Weekday | 1865 (21.92%) | 6643 (78.08%) | |
Weekend day | 17 (28.81%) | 42 (71.19%) | |
Public holiday | 296 (23.07%) | 987 (76.93%) | |
Halloween | 26 (20.31%) | 102 (79.69%) | |
Period of 17:00 to 18:00 | 0.021 | ||
Weekday | 2267 (23.50%) | 7378 (76.50%) | |
Weekend day | 8 (18.60%) | 35 (81.40%) | |
Public holiday | 527 (25.56%) | 1535 (74.44%) | |
Halloween | 108 (28.95%) | 265 (71.05%) | |
Period of 18:00 to 19:00 | 0.304 | ||
Weekday | 2487 (24.18%) | 7797 (75.82%) | |
Weekend day | 13 (26.53%) | 36 (73.47%) | |
Public holiday | 649 (25.96%) | 1851 (74.04%) | |
Halloween | 93 (25.27%) | 275 (74.73%) | |
Period of 19:00 to 20:00 | 0.576 | ||
Weekday | 2490 (25.73%) | 7189 (74.27%) | |
Weekend day | 34 (21.25%) | 126 (78.75%) | |
Public holiday | 699 (26.18%) | 1971 (73.82%) | |
Halloween | 68 (26.25%) | 191 (73.75%) | |
Period of 20:00 to 21:00 | 0.705 | ||
Weekday | 1825 (25.11%) | 5444 (74.89%) | |
Weekend day | 54 (23.18%) | 179 (76.82%) | |
Public holiday | 642 (25.59%) | 1867 (74.41%) | |
Halloween | 32 (22.22%) | 112 (77.78%) | |
Period of 21:00 to 22:00 | 0.040 | ||
Weekday | 1404 (24.09%) | 4424 (75.91%) | |
Weekend day | 38 (24.84%) | 115 (75.16%) | |
Public holiday | 544 (27.27%) | 1451 (72.73%) | |
Halloween | 15 (22.06%) | 53 (77.94%) | |
Period of 22:00 to 23:00 | 0.342 | ||
Weekday | 851 (27.69%) | 2222 (72.31%) | |
Weekend day | 16 (20.51%) | 62 (79.49%) | |
Public holiday | 367 (28.27%) | 931 (71.73%) | |
Halloween | 16 (34.78%) | 30 (65.22%) | |
Period of 23:00 to 00:00 | 0.903 | ||
Weekday | 486 (27.69%) | 1269 (72.31) | |
Weekend day | 14 (25.00%) | 42 (75.00%) | |
Public holiday | 271 (27.35%) | 720 (72.65%) | |
Halloween | 7 (33.33%) | 14 (66.67%) | |
Type of vehicle involved | <0.001 | ||
Automobile | 16,383 (24.48%) | 50,543 (75.52%) | |
Large vehicle | 1292 (30.65%) | 2933 (69.35%) | |
Motorcycle | 477 (22.66%) | 1628 (77.34%) | |
Bicycle | 77 (22.58%) | 264 (77.42%) |
Variables | β | Standard Error | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 0.145 | 0.018 | 1.156 (1.117–1.197) | <0.001 |
Female (ref) | - | |||
Road type | ||||
Rural | 0.816 | 0.027 | 2.261 (2.144–2.385) | <0.001 |
Urban (ref) | - | |||
Weather | ||||
Fine | 0.190 | 0.027 | 1.209 (1.148–1.274) | <0.001 |
Adverse (ref) | - | |||
Road condition | ||||
Not dry | 0.092 | 0.022 | 1.100 (1.051–1.143) | <0.001 |
Dry (ref) | - | |||
Type of vehicle involved | ||||
Motorcycle | −0.027 | 0.141 | 0.974 (0.739–1.283) | 0.850 |
Automobile | 0.367 | 0.135 | 1.443 (1.108–1.879) | 0.006 |
Large vehicle | 0.065 | 0.131 | 1.067 (0.826–1.378) | 0.621 |
Bicycle (ref) | - | |||
Period of 16:00 to 17:00 | ||||
Halloween | −0.032 | 0.222 | 0.969 (0.626–1.498) | 0.886 |
Public holiday | 0.092 | 0.072 | 1.096 (0.952–1.262) | 0.203 |
Weekend day | 0.406 | 0.291 | 1.501 (0.849–2.652) | 0.162 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 17:00 to 18:00 | ||||
Halloween | 0.294 | 0.118 | 1.342 (1.065–1.692) | 0.013 |
Public holiday | −0.108 | 0.056 | 1.114 (0.997–1.244) | 0.057 |
Weekend day | −0.356 | 0.396 | 0.701 (0.322–1.524) | 0.369 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 18:00 to 19:00 | ||||
Halloween | 0.078 | 0.123 | 1.081 (0.849–1.376) | 0.527 |
Public holiday | 0.095 | 0.052 | 1.100 (0.994–1.216) | 0.066 |
Weekend day | 0.119 | 0.327 | 1.127 (0.593–2.140) | 0.716 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 19:00 to 20:00 | ||||
Halloween | 0.053 | 0.144 | 1.054 (0.795–1.398) | 0.714 |
Public holiday | 0.026 | 0.050 | 1.027 (0.931–1.133) | 0.599 |
Weekend day | −0.199 | 0.195 | 0.820 (0.559–1.202) | 0.309 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 20:00 to 21:00 | ||||
Halloween | −0.159 | 0.204 | 0.853 (0.572–1.271) | 0.434 |
Public holiday | 0.009 | 0.054 | 1.010 (0.908–1.121) | 0.867 |
Weekend day | −0.125 | 0.159 | 0.883 (0.647–1.206) | 0.433 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 21:00 to 22:00 | ||||
Halloween | −0.125 | 0.296 | 0.882 (0.493–1.577) | 0.672 |
Public holiday | 0.156 | 0.060 | 1.170 (1.040–1.314) | 0.009 |
Weekend day | 0.071 | 0.191 | 1.073 (0.738–1.560) | 0.712 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 22:00 to 23:00 | ||||
Halloween | 0.212 | 0.319 | 1.237 (0.662–2.311) | 0.506 |
Public holiday | 0.013 | 0.075 | 1.013 (0.875–1.173) | 0.862 |
Weekend day | −0.389 | 0.286 | 0.678 (0.387–1.188) | 0.174 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - | ||
Period of 23:00 to 00:00 | ||||
Halloween | 0.257 | 0.474 | 1.293 (0.511–3.272) | 0.588 |
Public holiday | −0.023 | 0.091 | 0.977 (0.818–1.168) | 0.799 |
Weekend day | −0.054 | 0.320 | 0.947 (0.506–1.773) | 0.865 |
Weekday (ref) | - | - |
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Hsu, L.-M.; Wiratama, B.S.; Chen, P.-L.; Saleh, W.; Lin, H.-A.; Pai, C.-W. Pediatric Traffic Injuries on Halloween in the United Kingdom: Prevalence and Injury Severity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179093
Hsu L-M, Wiratama BS, Chen P-L, Saleh W, Lin H-A, Pai C-W. Pediatric Traffic Injuries on Halloween in the United Kingdom: Prevalence and Injury Severity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179093
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Li-Min, Bayu Satria Wiratama, Ping-Ling Chen, Wafaa Saleh, Hui-An Lin, and Chih-Wei Pai. 2021. "Pediatric Traffic Injuries on Halloween in the United Kingdom: Prevalence and Injury Severity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179093
APA StyleHsu, L. -M., Wiratama, B. S., Chen, P. -L., Saleh, W., Lin, H. -A., & Pai, C. -W. (2021). Pediatric Traffic Injuries on Halloween in the United Kingdom: Prevalence and Injury Severity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179093