Poor Health Related Quality of Life and Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits in Weight-Loss Treatment-Seeking Youth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Behaviors
2.2. Physical Activity
2.3. Clustering of Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits
2.4. Health Related Quality of Life
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Group (n = 420) | Boys (n = 187) | Girls (n = 233) | p | Effect Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescents’ Features | |||||
Age (year) | 14.0 (13.2–15.0) | 14.0 (13.0–14.8) | 14.0 (13.2–15.3) | 0.020 | 0.013 η2 |
Height (cm) | 162 (157–168) | 165 (159–171) | 160 (155–165) | <0.001 | 0.076 η2 |
Weight (kg) | 82.3 (73.6–93.2) | 85.6 (74.2–100.7) | 80.0 (73.3–90.0) | 0.001 | 0.39 d |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 (28.7–34.2) | 31.9 (28.6–34.8) | 31.0 (28.7–33.7) | 0.604 | 0.001 η2 |
BMI-SDS | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | 2.4 (1.9–2.8) | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | 0.748 | 0 η2 |
KIDMED score | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (3–7) | 0.423 | 0.002 η2 |
Exercise (hours/week) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 0.471 | 0.001 η2 |
Kidmed score ≤3 (n%) | 135 (32.1) | 62 (33.2) | 73 (31.3) | 0.691 | 0.019 V |
Exercise ≤3 h/week (n%) | 311 (74.1) | 135 (72.2) | 176 (75.5) | 0.437 | 0.038 V |
Parents’ Features | |||||
Father’s BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (25.7–31.8) | 27.8 (25.7–32.3) | 28.3 (25.6–31.8) | 0.607 | 0.011 η2 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 (24.2–32.3) | 27.9 (24.1–32.4) | 28.2 (24.6–32.2) | 0.469 | 0.006 η2 |
Father’s education level (year) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) | 0.784 | 0.01 η2 |
Mother’s education level (year) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) | 0.205 | 0.011 η2 |
Adolescents’ PedsQL | |||||
Total functioning | 75 (65–83) *** | 76 (66–83) *** | 74 (63–81) *** | 0.183 | 0.004 η2 |
Physical functioning | 75 (66–84) *** | 78 (66–84) *** | 75 (66–84) *** | 0.152 | 0.005 η2 |
Emotional functioning | 70 (55–80) ** | 75 (60–85) ** | 65 (50–80) | 0.004 | 0.02 η2 |
Social functioning | 85 (70–95) *** | 85 (70–90) *** | 85 (67–95) *** | 0.455 | 0.001 η2 |
School functioning | 70 (55–85) * | 75 (50–85) * | 70 (57–85) ** | 0.925 | 0 η2 |
Parent proxy PedsQL | |||||
Total functioning | 67 (54–78) | 67 (57–79) | 67 (52–75) | 0.101 | 0.011 η2 |
Physical functioning | 66 (53–81) | 66 (53–84) | 66 (50–81) | 0.057 | 0.014 η2 |
Emotional functioning | 65 (50–80) | 70 (55–80) | 60 (50–79) | 0.019 | 0.019 η2 |
Social functioning | 75 (55–90) | 75 (55–90) | 70 (50–90) | 0.468 | 0.004 η2 |
School functioning | 65 (50–80) | 65 (50–80) | 70 (50–80) | 0.761 | 0.002 η2 |
Intra-Class Correlation | Lower 95% CI | Higher 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total functioning | 0.737 | 0.681 | 0.783 | <0.001 |
Physical functioning | 0.685 | 0.617 | 0.740 | <0.001 |
Emotional functioning | 0.640 | 0.563 | 0.703 | <0.001 |
Social functioning | 0.654 | 0.580 | 0.714 | <0.001 |
School functioning | 0.666 | 0.595 | 0.725 | <0.001 |
Total HRQOL Functioning | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Intermediate | High | p | Effect Size | |
N | 136 | 134 | 150 | ||
Sex (M/F) | 57/79 | 55/79 | 75/75 | 0.241 | 0.082 V |
Age (yr) | 13.2 (14.0–15.0) | 14.0 (13.2–15.2) | 14.0 (13.0–15.0) | 0.522 | 0.003 η2 |
Height (cm) | 1.62 (1.58–1.68) | 1.62 (1.58–1.67) | 1.61 (1.55–1.68) | 0.588 | 0.002 η2 |
Weight (kg) | 86.0 (76.6–95.9) | 82.5 (73.6–92.1) a | 79.4 (70.6–90.0) b | 0.003 | 0.029 η2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5 (29.5–36.4) | 30.7 (28.2–33.8) a | 30.4 (28.5–33.3) b | <0.001 | 0.048 η2 |
BMI-SDS | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | 2.3 (1.8–2.6) a | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) b | <0.001 | 0.042 η2 |
KIDMED score | 4 (2–6) | 5 (3–7) a | 5 (4–7) b | 0.001 | 0.035 η2 |
Exercise (hours/week) | 0 (0–0.75) | 0 (0–3) a | 2 (0–3) b | <0.001 | 0.075 η2 |
Father’s BMI | 28.7 (26.3–32.5) | 27.9 (26.0–31.8) | 27.7 (25.3–30.9) | 0.233 | 0.008 η2 |
Mother’s BMI | 29.3 (24.9–33.0) | 27.8 (23.9–31.8) | 27.1 (23.9–31.8) | 0.102 | 0.007 η2 |
Father’s education level (year) | 8 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) b | 0.028 | 0.015 η2 |
Mother’s education level (year) | 8 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) a | 13 (8–13) b | 0.019 | 0.020 η2 |
Components of Unhealthy Lifestyle | p | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | |||
Adolescents’ features | |||||
N | 79 | 236 | 105 | ||
Sex (M/F) | 41/38 | 95/141 | 51/54 | 0.124 | 0.1 v |
Age (year) | 14 (13.2–15) | 14 (13.1–15) | 14 (13.2–14.8) | 0.888 | 0.001 η2 |
Height (cm) | 1.65 (1.59–1.70) | 1.61 (1.55–1.67) a | 1.63 (1.58–1.68) b | 0.001 | 0.037 η2 |
Weight (kg) | 85.4 (73.5–100.0) | 81 (73.3–91) | 85.5 (74.3–97.0) | 0.165 | 0.012 η2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 (28.7–33.4) | 31.4 (28.6–34.4) | 31.4 (29.1–34.9) | 0.430 | 0.004 η2 |
BMI-SDS | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 2.4 (1.9–2.7) | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | 0.428 | 0.005 η2 |
Parents’ features | |||||
Father’s BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 (25.0–31.6) | 28.4 (25.5–32.4) | 28.2 (26.4–31.6) | 0.164 | 0.009 η2 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 (23.8–32.2) | 28.0 (24.2–32.4) | 28.3 (24.8–32.2) | 0.921 | 0.001 η2 |
Father’s education level (year) | 13 (8–13) | 13 (8–13) a | 8 (8–13) c | 0.005 | 0.026 η2 |
Mother’s education level (year) | 13 (9.2–13) | 13 (8–13) a | 13 (8–13) c | 0.002 | 0.031 η2 |
Adolescents PedsQL | |||||
Total functioning | 80 (75–85) | 74 (64–83) a | 70 (56–77)bc | <0.001 | 0.086 η2 |
Physical functioning | 84 (78–91) | 75 (66–84)a | 72 (56–78) bc | <0.001 | 0.086 η2 |
Emotional functioning | 75 (60–85) | 70 (55–80) a | 65 (50–80) c | 0.003 | 0.035 η2 |
Social functioning | 90 (85–100) | 85 (70–95) a | 75 (60–90) bc | <0.001 | 0.063 η2 |
School functioning | 75 (65–85) | 70 (55–85) | 65 (47–85) c | 0.013 | 0.026 η2 |
Parent-proxy PedsQL | |||||
Total functioning | 75 (62–84) | 67 (54–77) a | 62 (48–74) bc | <0.001 | 0.069 η2 |
Physical functioning | 75 (63–88) | 66 (50–81) a | 62 (44–72) bc | <0.001 | 0.066 η2 |
Emotional functioning | 70 (55–85) | 65 (50–80) | 60 (45–75) c | 0.016 | 0.022 η2 |
Social functioning | 80 (65–95) | 75 (55–90) a | 65 (45–84) bc | <0.001 | 0.039 η2 |
School functioning | 70 (6–90) | 67 (50–80) a | 60 (41–75) bc | 0.003 | 0.032 η2 |
Dependent Variable Low Total Functioning (High/Intermediate Functioning as Reference Category) | ||
---|---|---|
Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
BMI-SDS | 1.907 (1.298–2.804) ** | 2.004 (1.372–2.927) ** |
Father’s education level (year) | 1.000 (0.929–1.077) | 0.985 (0.916–1.060) |
Mother’s education level (year) | 0.970 (0.900–1.045) | 0.966 (0.897–1.039) |
KIDMED score | 0.878 (0.804–0.959) * | NI |
Exercise (hours/week) | 0.677 (0.557–0.823) ** | NI |
Clustering of unhealthy habits | NI | 2.211 (1.536–3.182) ** |
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Mozzillo, E.; Zito, E.; Calcaterra, V.; Corciulo, N.; Di Pietro, M.; Di Sessa, A.; Franceschi, R.; Licenziati, M.R.; Maltoni, G.; Morino, G.; et al. Poor Health Related Quality of Life and Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits in Weight-Loss Treatment-Seeking Youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179355
Mozzillo E, Zito E, Calcaterra V, Corciulo N, Di Pietro M, Di Sessa A, Franceschi R, Licenziati MR, Maltoni G, Morino G, et al. Poor Health Related Quality of Life and Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits in Weight-Loss Treatment-Seeking Youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179355
Chicago/Turabian StyleMozzillo, Enza, Eugenio Zito, Valeria Calcaterra, Nicola Corciulo, Mario Di Pietro, Anna Di Sessa, Roberto Franceschi, Maria Rosaria Licenziati, Giulio Maltoni, Giuseppe Morino, and et al. 2021. "Poor Health Related Quality of Life and Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits in Weight-Loss Treatment-Seeking Youth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179355