Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Sample Size
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Research Instruments
2.4.1. Demographic and Disease Characteristics
2.4.2. HPSS
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics by Group
3.2. Comparison of Group Outcomes at Baseline
3.3. Effects of the HPSP on HbA1c Levels and HPSS Scores
4. Discussion
Limitations and Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage Number/Main Topic | Weekly | Course Content |
---|---|---|
Stage1 Recognition problem-solving | 1–2 w | Learn the steps and skills of problem-solving 1. problem orientation responses 2. problem-solving perception 3. detection control 4. problem-solving skill 5. problem-solving principles |
3–4 w | learned about hypoglycemia and self-care 1. blood glucose for self-monitoring 2. identify the symptoms and signs of hypoglycemia 3. hypoglycemia problem definition and formulation 4. analyze the causes of hypoglycemia 5. generation of alternative solutions | |
Stage2 Application of problem-solving skills | 5–6 w | clarify hypoglycemia-related problems problem-solving health education manual, case studies and discussions, situational case introduction, group discussions, and experience sharing (diet, exercise, medication, body weight control, disease stress adjustment, and blood glucose self-monitoring) |
7–8 w | implement and evaluate the solution strategies 1. coaching, modeling, shaping, rehearsal 2. solution implementation 3. verification |
Variables | Total (N = 71) | Experimental Group (n = 34) | Control Group (n = 37) | χ2/t | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N%/M ± SD | n%/M ± SD | n%/M ± SD | ||||||
Demographic data | ||||||||
Gender | 0.104 | 0.814 | ||||||
Male | 39 | 54.93 | 18 | 52.9 | 21 | 56.8 | ||
Female | 32 | 45.07 | 16 | 47.1 | 16 | 43.2 | ||
Age (years) | 53.10 ± 15.98 | 53.71 ± 15.66 | 54.87 ± 15.28 | 0.158 | 0.692 a | |||
≤40 | 18 | 25.4 | 7 | 20.6 | 11 | 29.7 | ||
41–50 | 13 | 18.3 | 9 | 26.5 | 4 | 10.8 | ||
51–60 | 12 | 16.9 | 3 | 8.8 | 9 | 24.3 | ||
61–70 | 16 | 22.5 | 9 | 26.5 | 7 | 18.9 | ||
>70 | 12 | 16.9 | 6 | 17.6 | 6 | 16.3 | ||
Marital status | 0.592 | 0.502 | ||||||
Unmarried | 24 | 33.8 | 11 | 32.3 | 13 | 35.1 | ||
Married | 47 | 66.2 | 23 | 67.7 | 24 | 64.9 | ||
Education level | 3.320 | 0.851 a | ||||||
Junior high school or below | 16 | 22.5 | 7 | 20.6 | 9 | 24.3 | ||
Senior high school | 31 | 43.7 | 16 | 47.1 | 15 | 40.6 | ||
University or above | 24 | 33.8 | 11 | 32.3 | 13 | 35.1 | ||
Employment status | 3.267 | 0.073 | ||||||
Unemployed | 20 | 28.2 | 13 | 38.2 | 7 | 18.9 | ||
Working | 51 | 71.8 | 21 | 61.8 | 30 | 81.1 | ||
Disease characteristics | 0.012 | 0.963 | ||||||
Medication regimen | ||||||||
Insulin | 50 | 70.4 | 24 | 70.6 | 26 | 70.3 | ||
Oral medication and Insulin | 21 | 29.6 | 10 | 29.4 | 11 | 29.7 | ||
Duration of insulin treatment (years) | 7.19 ± 7.24 | 7.26 ± 7.45 | 7.11 ± 7.15 | 0.474 | 0.946 | |||
≤5 | 41 | 57.7 | 19 | 55.9 | 22 | 59.4 | ||
≥5.1 | 30 | 42.3 | 15 | 44.1 | 15 | 40.6 | ||
Frequency of hypoglycemia | ||||||||
(in the previous 6 months) | 10.65 ± 8.38 | 9.56 ± 7.91 | 11.65 ± 8.78 | 0.913 | 0.343 | |||
<6 | 22 | 31.0 | 11 | 32.3 | 11 | 29.7 | ||
≥6 | 49 | 69.0 | 23 | 67.7 | 26 | 70.3 |
Variables | Group | T0 Mean (SD) | T1 Mean (SD) | T2 Mean (SD) | T3 Mean (SD) | Time F (p) | Time * Group F (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c | EG | 7.95 (1.20) | 7.41 (0.98) | 7.63 (0.84) | 7.22 (0.61) | 5.090 | <0.01 | 5.816 | <0.01 |
CG | 8.16 (1.30) | 8.20 (0.58) | 8.13 (1.04) | 8.30 (1.03) | 2.487 | 0.080 | |||
HPSS | EG | 47.62 (14.71) | 60.65 (9.29) | 58.59 (8.66) | 64.53 (9.73) | 19.476 | <0.001 | 13.653 | <0.001 |
CG | 46.27 (12.52) | 46.78 (11.81) | 46.05 (11.80) | 46.68 (11.67) | 5.113 | <0.05 | |||
FOH | EG | 9.56 (7.91) | 1.51 (1.08) | 4.08 (1.78) | 3.24 (0.75) | 2.910 | 0.068 | 3.114 | 0.073 |
CG | 11.65 (8.78) | 1.96 (1.45) | 5.34 (2.11) | 6.63 (0.83) | 0.872 | 0.640 |
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Wu, F.-L.; Lin, C.-H.; Lin, C.-L.; Juang, J.-H. Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189559
Wu F-L, Lin C-H, Lin C-L, Juang J-H. Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189559
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Fei-Ling, Chia-Hung Lin, Chia-Ling Lin, and Jyuhn-Huarng Juang. 2021. "Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189559
APA StyleWu, F. -L., Lin, C. -H., Lin, C. -L., & Juang, J. -H. (2021). Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189559