Leisure Factors Predicting the Happiness of Self-Employed Workers in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Data Source
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. General Characteristics
2.3.2. Leisure-Related Factors
2.3.3. Subjective Happiness
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Relevance of General Characteristics and Leisure-Related Factors for Happiness
3.2. Results of Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis Predicting Happiness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) | M ± SD | Subjective Happiness | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | t or F | Correlations | p | |||
General characteristics | ||||||
Age | 51.94 ± 13.07 (range: 18–89) | −0.11 † | <0.001 | |||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1447 (61.8) | 6.85 ± 1.35 | −0.52 | 0.01 § | 0.602 | |
Female | 896 (38.2) | 6.88 ± 1.40 | ||||
Education level | ||||||
≤High school | 1519 (64.8) | 6.73 ± 1.37 | −6.39 | 0.13 § | <0.001 | |
≥College | 824 (35.2) | 7.10 ± 0.32 | ||||
Household members | ||||||
No | 384 (16.4) | 6.62 ± 1.39 | −3.75 | 0.08 § | <0.001 | |
Yes | 1959 (83.6) | 6.91 ± 1.36 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||
Single a | 329 (14.0) | 6.84 ± 1.41 | 14.55 | 0.11 § | <0.001 | |
Married b | 1719 (73.4) | 6.93 ± 1.33 | (Scheffe a, b > c) | |||
Widowed, divorced, etc. c | 295 (12.6) | 6.47 ± 1.46 | ||||
Hiring employees | ||||||
No | 2006 (85.6) | 6.84 ± 1.37 | −1.98 | 0.04 § | 0.047 | |
Yes | 337 (14.4) | 7.00 ± 1.36 | ||||
Economic status | ||||||
Low a | 750 (32.0) | 6.57 ± 1.39 | 35.81 | 0.15 ‡ | <0.001 | |
Moderate b | 902 (38.5) | 6.85 ± 1.37 | (Scheffe c > b > a) | |||
High c | 691 (29.5) | 7.18 ± 1.26 | ||||
Residential area | ||||||
Metropolitan a | 868 (37.0) | 6.88 ± 1.33 | 0.12 | 0.01 § | 0.884 | |
Small and medium-sized Cities b | 674 (28.8) | 6.85 ± 1.41 | ||||
Rural area c | 801 (34.2) | 6.85 ± 1.37 | ||||
Perceived health status | 5.15 ± 1.05 | 0.40 † | <0.001 | |||
Leisure-related factors | ||||||
Leisure constraints | ||||||
Lack of time | 5.40 ± 1.40 | −0.05 † | 0.013 | |||
Financial burden | 5.22 ± 1.47 | −0.16 † | <0.001 | |||
Fine dust | 4.71 ± 1.52 | 0.02 † | 0.384 | |||
Heatwaves or extreme cold | 4.72 ± 1.49 | −0.03 † | 0.193 | |||
Family health | 4.65 ± 1.78 | −0.11 † | <0.001 | |||
Leisure recognition | 5.34 ± 0.97 | 0.32 † | <0.001 | |||
Work–life balance | ||||||
Leisure-oriented a | 508 (21.7) | 7.36 ± 1.11 | 71.20 | 0.24 § | <0.001 | |
Balanced b | 760 (32.4) | 6.99 ± 1.29 | (Scheffe a > b > c) | |||
Work-oriented c | 1075 (45.9) | 6.53 ± 1.44 | ||||
Dependent variable | ||||||
Subjective happiness | 6.86 ± 1.37 |
Variables | Categories | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | ||
Age | 0.04 | 1.37 | 0.169 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.421 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.740 | |
Education level | ≥College | 0.06 | 2.93 | 0.003 | 0.06 | 2.79 | 0.005 | 0.03 | 1.42 | 0.201 |
(Ref. ≤ High school) | ||||||||||
Household member | Yes | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.855 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.898 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.828 |
(Ref. No) | ||||||||||
Marriage | Single | −0.01 | −0.13 | 0.898 | −0.01 | −0.39 | 0.693 | −0.02 | −0.12 | 0.410 |
(Ref. Bereavement, divorce, etc.) | Married | 0.06 | 1.83 | 0.067 | 0.05 | 1.51 | 0.129 | 0.05 | 2.28 | 0.140 |
Hiring employees | Yes | −0.01 | −0.73 | 0.463 | −0.03 | −1.28 | 0.200 | −0.01 | −0.84 | 0.823 |
(Ref. No) | ||||||||||
Economic status | Moderate | 0.04 | 1.68 | 0.092 | 0.03 | 1.42 | 0.155 | 0.02 | 1.21 | 0.422 |
(Ref. low) | High | 0.11 | 4.42 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 4.11 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 2.57 | 0.027 |
Perceived health status | 0.39 | 19.75 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 19.12 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 13.62 | <0.001 | |
Constraints—lack of time | −0.02 | −1.06 | 0.289 | 0.01 | 2.56 | 0.701 | ||||
Constraints—financial burden | −0.10 | −4.17 | <0.001 | −0.09 | −3.74 | <0.001 | ||||
Constraints—family health status | −0.01 | −0.56 | 0.574 | −0.03 | −2.75 | 0.088 | ||||
Leisure recognition | 0.20 | 7.24 | <0.001 | |||||||
Work–life balance | Leisure-oriented | 0.09 | 4.53 | <0.001 | ||||||
(Ref. balanced) | Work-oriented | −0.13 | −6.09 | <0.001 | ||||||
R2 | 0.18 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.27 *** | |||||||
ΔR2 | 0.01 *** | 0.08 *** |
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Park, K.-H.; Kim, H.; Park, S. Leisure Factors Predicting the Happiness of Self-Employed Workers in South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189852
Park K-H, Kim H, Park S. Leisure Factors Predicting the Happiness of Self-Employed Workers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189852
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Kwang-Hi, Hyunlye Kim, and Suin Park. 2021. "Leisure Factors Predicting the Happiness of Self-Employed Workers in South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189852