Challenges Associated with Parenting While Incarcerated: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Incarcerated Parents
3. Barriers to Parenting While Incarcerated
4. Psychological Impact of Incarceration on Parenting
5. Gender Differences between Incarcerated Mothers and Fathers
6. Programs for Incarcerated Parents
7. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shlafer, R.; Duwe, G.; Hindt, L. Parents in prison and their minor children: Comparisons between state and national estimates. Prison J. 2019, 99, 310–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nutt, L.M.; Deaton, D.; Hutchinson, T. Children and Families of Incarcerated Parents: A Demographic Status Report and Survey; Planning and Research Unit, Tennessee Department of Correction Policy: Nashville, TN, USA, 2008.
- US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau Annual Estimates of Population for US and States, and for Puerto Rico: 1 April 2000–1 July 2005 (NST-EST2005-01); Population Division, US Census Bureau: Suitland, MD, USA, 2005.
- Apel, R.; Ramakers, A. Impact of Incarceration on Employment Prospects. In Handbook on the Consequences of Sentencing and Punishment Decisions; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2018; pp. 85–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Massoglia, M. Incarceration, health, and racial disparities in health. Law Soc. Rev. 2008, 42, 275–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wildeman, C.; Wang, E.A. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet 2017, 389, 1464–1474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aaron, L.; Dallaire, D.H. Parental incarceration and multiple risk experiences: Effects on family dynamics and children’s delinquency. J. Youth Adolesc. 2010, 39, 1471–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maruschak, L.M.; Bronson, M.; Apler, M. Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children: Survey of Prison Inmate, 2016 (NCJ 252645); U.S. Department of Justice: Washington, DC, USA, 2021.
- Beckmeyer, J.J.; Arditti, J.A. Implications of in-person visits for incarcerated parents’ family relationships and parenting experience. J. Offender Rehabil. 2014, 53, 129–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loper, A.B.; Carlson, L.W.; Levitt, L.; Scheffel, K. Parenting stress, alliance, child contact, and adjustment of imprisoned mothers and fathers. J. Offender Rehabil. 2009, 48, 483–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houck, K.D.; Loper, A.B. The relationship of parenting stress to adjustment among mothers in prison. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2002, 72, 548–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arditti, J.A. A family stress-proximal process model for understanding the effects of parental incarceration on children and their families. Couple Fam. Psychol. Res. Pract. 2016, 5, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McBride, B.A.; Schoppe, S.J.; Rane, T.R. Child characteristics, parenting stress, and parental involvement: Fathers versus mothers. J. Marriage Fam. 2002, 64, 998–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedersen, D.E. The good mother, the good father, and the good parent: Gendered definitions of parenting. J. Fem. Fam. Ther. 2012, 24, 230–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgess-Proctor, A.; Huebner, B.M.; Durso, J.M. Comparing the effects of maternal and paternal incarceration on adult daughters’ and sons’ criminal justice system involvement: A gendered pathways analysis. Crim. Justice Behav. 2016, 43, 1034–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henson, A. Meet them where they are: The Importance of contextual relevance in prison-based parenting programs. Prison J. 2020, 100, 468–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, D.J.; Glaze, L.E. Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. U.S. Department of Justice: Washington, DC, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Briere, J.; Agee, E.; Dietrich, A. Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychol. Trauma: Theory Res. Pract. Policy 2016, 8, 439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Komarovskaya, I.A.; Booker Loper, A.; Warren, J.; Jackson, S. Exploring gender differences in trauma exposure and the emergence of symptoms of PTSD among incarcerated men and women. J. Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 2011, 22, 395–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sawyer, W. Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration. Prison. Policy Initiat. 2020. Available online: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities (accessed on 20 August 2021).
- Murphey, D.; Cooper, P.M. Parents Behind Bars: What Happens to Their Children? Child Trends: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2015; pp. 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Bronson, J.; Maruschak, L. An Overview of Prison and Jail Inmate Physical and Mental Health: National Findings from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. In APHA 2016 Annual Meeting & Expo (29 October–2 November 2016); American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson-Peterkin, Y. Information Packet: Children of Incarcerated Parents; National Resource Center for Foster Care & Permanency Planning: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, A. Stagnant population and changing demographics: What the new BJS report tells us about correctional populations. Prison. Policy Initiat. 2020. Available online: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/05/05/bjs-reports/ (accessed on 20 August 2021).
- Bell, J.F.; Zimmerman, F.J.; Cawthon, M.L.; Huebner, C.E.; Ward, D.H.; Schroeder, C.A. Jail incarceration and birth outcomes. J. Urban Health 2004, 81, 630–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shlafer, R.J.; Davis, L.; Hindt, L.; Weymouth, L.; Cuthrell, H.; Burnson, C.; Poehlmann-Tynan, J. Fathers in jail and their minor children: Paternal characteristics and associations with father-child contact. J. Child. Fam. Stud. 2020, 29, 791–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly, P.J.; Peralez-Dieckmann, E.; Cheng, A.L.; Collins, C. Profile of women in a county jail. J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 2010, 48, 38–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jensen, V.; DuDeck-Biondo, J. Mothers in jail: Gender, social control, and the construction of parenthood behind bars. Sociol. Crime Law Deviance 2005, 6, 121–142. [Google Scholar]
- Yi, Y.; Turney, K.; Wildeman, C. Mental health among jail and prison inmates. Am. J. Men’s Health 2017, 11, 900–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phillips, S.D.; Dettlaff, A.J. More than parents in prison: The broader overlap between the criminal justice and child welfare systems. J. Public Child Welf. 2009, 3, 3–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massoglia, M.; Warner, C. The consequences of incarceration: Challenges for scientifically informed and policy-relevant research. Criminol. Pub. Pol’y 2011, 10, 851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cramer, L.; Goff, M.; Peterson, B.; Sandstrom, H. Parent-Child Visiting Practices in Prisons and Jails; Urban Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Arditti, J.A. Parental Incarceration and the Family: Psychological and Social Effects of Imprisonment on Children, Parents, and Caregivers; NYU Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Rubenstein, B.Y.; Toman, E.L.; Cochran, J.C. Socioeconomic barriers to child contact with incarcerated parents. Justice Q. 2019, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poehlmann-Tynan, J.; Pritzl, K. Parent–child visits when parents are incarcerated in prison or jail. In Handbook on Children with Incarcerated Parents; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2019; pp. 131–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arditti, J.A. Locked doors and glass walls: Family visiting at a local jail. J. Loss Trauma 2003, 8, 115–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weill, J.M. Incarceration and Social Networks: Understanding the Relationships That Support Reentry; University of California: Santa Cruz, CA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Severin, M. Is there a winning argument against excessive rates for collect calls from prisoners? Cardozo L. Rev. 2003, 25, 1469. [Google Scholar]
- Grinstead, O.; Faigeles, B.; Bancroft, C.; Zack, B. The financial cost of maintaining relationships with incarcerated African American men: A Survey of Women Prison Visitors. J. Afr. Am. Men 2001, 6, 59–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norman, J.A. Children of Prisoners in Foster Care. In Children of Incarcerated Parents; Lexington Press: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 124–134. [Google Scholar]
- Magaletta, P.R.; Herbst, D.P. Fathering from prison: Common struggles and successful solutions. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. Train. 2001, 38, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loper, A.B.; Phillips, V.; Nichols, E.B.; Dallaire, D.H. Characteristics and effects of the co-parenting alliance between incarcerated parents and child caregivers. J. Child. Fam. Stud. 2014, 23, 225–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shlafer, R.J.; Poehlmann, J. Attachment and caregiving relationships in families affected by parental incarceration. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2010, 12, 395–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shlafer, R.J.; Loper, A.B.; Schillmoeller, L. Introduction and literature review: Is parent–child contact during parental incarceration beneficial? Child. Contact Incarcer. Parents 2015, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klein, S.R.; Bartholomew, G.S.; Hibbert, J. Inmate family functioning. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol. 2002, 46, 95–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dallaire, D.H.; Wilson, L.C.; Ciccone, A. The family drawings of at-risk children: Concurrent relations with contact with incarcerated parents, caregiver behavior, and stress. Attach Hum. Dev. 2012, 14, 161–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nesmith, A.; Ruhland, E. Children of incarcerated parents: Challenges and resiliency, in their own words. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2008, 30, 1119–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murray, J.; Murray, L. Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2010, 12, 289–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Decker, S.H.; Ortiz, N.; Spohn, C.; Hedberg, E. Criminal stigma, race, and ethnicity: The consequences of imprisonment for employment. J. Crim. Justice 2015, 43, 108–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charles, P.; Muentner, L.; Kjellstrand, J. Parenting and incarceration: Perspectives on father-child involvement during reentry from prison. Soc. Serv. Rev. 2019, 93, 218–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martin, M. Connected mothers: A follow-up study of incarcerated women and their children. Women Crim. Justice 1997, 8, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tuerk, E.H.; Loper, A.B. Contact between incarcerated mothers and their children: Assessing parenting stress. J. Offender Rehabil. 2006, 43, 23–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casey, W.M.; Copp, J.E.; Bales, W.D. Releases from a local jail: The impact of visitation on recidivism. Crim. Justice Policy Rev. 2021, 32, 427–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McLeod, B.A.; Bonsu, J. The benefits and challenges of visitation practices in correctional settings: Will video visitation assist incarcerated fathers and their children? Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2018, 93, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trice, A.D.; Brewster, J. The effects of maternal incarceration on adolescent children. J. Police Crim. Psychol. 2004, 19, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milavetz, Z.; Pritzl, K.; Muentner, L.; Poehlmann-Tynan, J. Unmet mental health needs of jailed parents with young children. Fam. Relat. 2021, 70, 130–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berry, P.E.; Eigenberg, H.M. Role strain and incarcerated mothers: Understanding the process of mothering. Women Crim. Justice 2003, 15, 101–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arditti, J.; Few, A. Maternal distress and women’s reentry into family and community life. Fam. Process 2008, 47, 303–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skinner-Osei, P.; Stepteau-Watson, D. A qualitative analysis of African American fathers’ struggle with reentry, recidivism, and reunification after participation in re-entry programs. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 2018, 28, 240–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poehlmann, J. Incarcerated mothers’ contact with children, perceived family relationships, and depressive symptoms. J. Fam. Psychol. 2005, 19, 350–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Makariev, D.W.; Shaver, P.R. Attachment, parental incarceration and possibilities for intervention: An overview. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2010, 12, 311–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 1982, 52, 664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colonnesi, C.; Draijer, E.M.; Jan, J.M.; Stams, G.; Van der Bruggen, C.O.; Bögels, S.M.; Noom, M.J. The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: A meta-analytic review. J. Clin. Child. Adolesc. Psychol. 2011, 40, 630–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novero, C.M.; Booker Loper, A.; Warren, J.I. Second-generation prisoners: Adjustment patterns for inmates with a history of parental incarceration. Crim. Justice Behav. 2011, 38, 761–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fowler, J.C.; Allen, J.G.; Oldham, J.M.; Frueh, B.C. Exposure to interpersonal trauma, attachment insecurity, and depression severity. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 149, 313–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borelli, J.L.; Goshin, L.; Joestl, S.; Clark, J.; Byrne, M.W. Attachment organization in a sample of incarcerated mothers: Distribution of classifications and associations with substance abuse history, depressive symptoms, perceptions of parenting competency and social support. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2010, 12, 355–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, S.; Klockner, K. Attachment styles and attachment based change in offenders in a prison Therapeutic Community. J. Forensic Psychol. Res. Pract. 2019, 19, 260–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eaton, N.R.; Keyes, K.M.; Krueger, R.F.; Balsis, S.; Skodol, A.E.; Markon, K.E.; Grant, B.F.; Hasin, D.S. An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2012, 121, 282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Drapalski, A.L.; Youman, K.; Stuewig, J.; Tangney, J. Gender differences in jail inmates’ symptoms of mental illness, treatment history and treatment seeking. Crim. Behav. Ment. Health 2009, 19, 193–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moloney, K.P.; van den Bergh, B.J.; Moller, L.F. Women in prison: The central issues of gender characteristics and trauma history. Public Health 2009, 123, 426–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arditti, J.A.; Smock, S.A.; Parkman, T.S. It’s Been Hard to Be a Father: A qualitative exploration of incarcerated fatherhood. Father. A J. Theory Res. Pract. About Men Father. 2005, 3, 267–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clarke, L.; O’Brien, M.; Day, R.D.; Godwin, H.; Connolly, J.; Hemmings, J.; Van Leeson, T. Fathering behind bars in English prisons: Imprisoned fathers’ identity and contact with their children. Father. J. Theory Res. Pract. Men Father. 2005, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.B.; Sansone, F.A.; Swanson, C.; Tatum, K.M. Incarcerated fathers and parenting: Importance of the relationship with their children. Soc. Work Public Health 2012, 27, 165–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Day, R.D.; Acock, A.C.; Bahr, S.J.; Arditti, J.A. Incarcerated fathers returning home to children and families: Introduction to the special issue and a primer on doing research with men in prison. Father. J. Theory Res. Pract. Men Father. 2005, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hairston, C.F. Prisoners and Families: Parenting Issues during Incarceration. In From Prison to Home: The Effects of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families and Communities Conference; U.S. Deparment of Health and Human Services: Washington, DC, USA, 2002; pp. 30–31. [Google Scholar]
- Fowler, C.; Rossiter, C.; Dawson, A.; Jackson, D.; Power, T. Becoming a “Better” father: Supporting the needs of incarcerated fathers. Prison J. 2017, 97, 692–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lanier, C.S. Affective states of fathers in prison. Justice Q. 1993, 10, 49–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartlett, T.S.; Flynn, C.A.; Trotter, C.J. ‘They didn’t even let me say goodbye’: A study of imprisoned primary carer fathers’ care planning for children at the point of arrest in Victoria, Australia. Child. Care Pract. 2018, 24, 115–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamburello, A.; Kaldany, H.; Dickert, J. Correctional Mental Health Administration. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mongelli, F.; Georgakopoulos, P.; Pato, M.T. Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. Focus 2020, 18, 16–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffmann, H.C.; Byrd, A.L.; Kightlinger, A.M. Prison programs and services for incarcerated parents and their underage children: Results from a national survey of correctional facilities. Prison J. 2010, 90, 397–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, C.; Fowler, C.; Cashin, A. The development of a parenting program for incarcerated mothers in Australia: A review of prison-based parenting programs. Contemp. Nurse 2011, 39, 2–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Purvis, M. Paternal incarceration and parenting programs in prison: A review paper. Psychiatry Psychol. Law 2013, 20, 9–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, K.; Gonzalez, P.; Romero, T.; Henry, K.; Cerbana, C. The effectiveness of parent education for incarcerated parents: An evaluation of parenting from prison. J. Correct. Educ. 2010, 61, 114–132. [Google Scholar]
- Butler, M.; Percy, A.; Hayes, D.; Devaney, J. Designing prison-based parenting programs to maximize their outcomes. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol. 2019, 63, 975–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Troy, V.; McPherson, K.E.; Emslie, C.; Gilchrist, E. The feasibility, appropriateness, meaningfulness, and effectiveness of parenting and family support programs delivered in the criminal justice system: A systematic review. J. Child. Fam. Stud. 2018, 27, 1732–1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yasui, M.; Dishion, T.J. The ethnic context of child and adolescent problem behavior: Implications for child and family interventions. Clin. Child. Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2007, 10, 137–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumpfer, K.L.; Alvarado, R.; Smith, P.; Bellamy, N. Cultural sensitivity and adaptation in family-based prevention interventions. Prev. Sci. 2002, 3, 241–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Mourik, K.; Crone, M.R.; DeWolff, M.S.; Reis, R. Parent training programs for ethnic minorities: A meta-analysis of adaptations and effect. Prev. Sci. 2017, 18, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, A.L.; Weston, L.E.; Perryman, J.; Horwitz, T.; Franzen, S.; Cochran, S. Parenting while incarcerated: Tailoring the strengthening families program for use with jailed mothers. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2014, 44, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- LaRosa, J.J.; Rank, M.G. Parenting education and incarcerated fathers. J. Fam. Soc. Work 2003, 6, 15–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meek, R. Parenting education for young fathers in prison. Child. Fam. Soc. Work 2007, 12, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCrudden, E.; Braiden, H.J.; Sloan, D.; McCormack, P.; Treacy, A. Stealing the Smile from My Child’s Face: A Preliminary Evaluation of the “Being a Dad” Programme in a Northern Ireland Prison. Child. Care Pract. 2014, 20, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fixsen, D.L.; Naoom, S.F.; Blase, K.A.; Friedman, R.M.; Wallace, F.; Burns, B.; Carter, W.; Paulson, R.; Schoenwald, S.; Barwick, M.; et al. Implementation Research: A Synthesis of the Literature; University of South Florida: Tampa, FL, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- McPherson, K.E.; Kerr, S.; Casey, B.; Marshall, J. Barriers and facilitators to implementing functional family therapy in a community setting: Client and practitioner perspectives. J. Marital Fam. Ther. 2017, 43, 717–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, R.D.; Steffan, J.; Shaw, L.B.; Wilson, S. Needs for and barriers to correctional mental health services: Inmate perceptions. Psychiatr. Serv. 2007, 58, 1181–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henson, A. Strengthening evaluation research: A case study of an evaluability assessment conducted in a carceral setting. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol. 2018, 62, 3185–3200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, M.; Bloom, B. Reentry and renegotiating motherhood: Maternal identity and success on parole. Crime Delinq. 2009, 55, 313–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arditti, J.A. Parental incarceration and family inequality in the United States. Prison. Punishm. Fam. New Sociol. Punishm. 2018, 41–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muentner, L.; Charles, P. A qualitative exploration of reentry service needs: The case of fathers returning from prison. Child. Fam. Soc. Work 2020, 25, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nhan, J.; Bowen, K.; Polzer, K. The reentry labyrinth: The anatomy of a reentry services network. J. Offender Rehabil. 2017, 56, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fehr, L.M. Washington female offender re-entry programs combine transitional services with residential parenting. Correct. Today 2004, 66, 82–83. [Google Scholar]
- Thalberg, R.S. Family-based re-entry programming: A promising tool for reducing recidivism and mitigating the economic and societal costs of incarceration in California. SSRN 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Listwan, S.J.; Cullen, F.T.; Latessa, E.J. How to prevent prisoners re-entry programs from failing: Insights from evidence-based corrections. Fed. Probat. 2006, 70, 19. [Google Scholar]
- Enns, P.K.; Yi, Y.; Comfort, M.; Goldman, A.W.; Lee, H.; Muller, C.; Wakefield, S.; Wang, E.A.; Wildeman, C. What percentage of Americans have ever had a family member incarcerated? Evidence from the family history of incarceration survey (FamHIS). Socius 2019, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mitchell, M.M.; Spooner, K.; Jia, D.; Zhang, Y. The effect of prison visitation on reentry success: A meta-analysis. J. Crim. Justice 2016, 47, 74–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poehlmann, J.; Dallaire, D.; Loper, A.B.; Shear, L.D. Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations. Am. Psychol. 2010, 65, 575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buche, J.; Gaiser, M.; Rittman, D.; Beck, A.J. Characteristics of the Behavioral Health Workforce in Correctional Facilities; Behavioral Health Workforce Research Center: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Bagnall, A.M.; South, J.; Hulme, C.; Woodall, J.; Vinall-Collier, K.; Raine, G.; Kinsella, K.; Dixey, R.; Harris, L.; Wright, N.M. A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of peer education and peer support in prisons. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ray, B.; Watson, D.P.; Xu, H.; Salyers, M.P.; Victor, G.; Sightes, E.; Bailey, K.; Robison Taylor, L.; Bo, N. Peer recovery services for persons returning from prison: Pilot randomized clinical trial investigation of SUPPORT. J. Subst. Abus. Treat. 2021, 126, 108339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gifford, E.J.; Kozecke, L.E.; Golonka, M.; Hill, S.N.; Costello, E.J.; Shanahan, L.; Copeland, W.E. Association of parental incarceration with psychiatric and functional outcomes of young adults. JAMA Netw. Open 2019, 2, e1910005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tangney, J.P.; Stuewig, J.; Martinez, A.G. Two faces of shame: The roles of shame and guilt in predicting recidivism. Psychol. Sci. 2014, 25, 799–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carlson, J.R. Prison nurseries: A pathway to crime-free futures. Correct. Compend. 2009, 34, 17–24. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, S.M. Attachment Theory in Practice: Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Individuals, Couples, and Families; Guilford Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Swisher, R.R.; Waller, M.R. Confining fatherhood: Incarceration and paternal involvement among nonresident White, African American, and Latino fathers. J. Fam. Issues 2008, 29, 1067–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Binswanger, I.A.; Stern, M.F.; Deyo, R.A.; Heagerty, P.J.; Cheadle, A.; Elmore, J.G.; Koepsell, T.D. Release from prison—A high risk of death for former inmates. New Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356, 157–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong Chui, W. Voices of the incarcerated father: Struggling to live up to fatherhood. Criminol. Crim. Justice Int. J. 2016, 16, 60–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dallaire, D.H.; Shlafer, R.J.; Goshin, L.S.; Hollihan, A.; Poehlmann-Tynan, J.; Eddy, J.M.; Adalist-Estrin, A. COVID-19 and prison policies related to communication with family members. Psychol. Public Policy Law 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skora Horgan, E.; Poehlmann-Tynan, J. In-home video chat for young children and their incarcerated parents. J. Child. Media 2020, 14, 400–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larsen, D.; Hudnall Stamm, B.; Davis, K.; Magaletta, P.R. Prison telemedicine and telehealth utilization in the United States: State and federal perceptions of benefits and barriers. Telemed. J. e-Health 2004, 10, S-81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dargis, M.; Mitchell-Somoza, A. Challenges Associated with Parenting While Incarcerated: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189927
Dargis M, Mitchell-Somoza A. Challenges Associated with Parenting While Incarcerated: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189927
Chicago/Turabian StyleDargis, Monika, and Arielle Mitchell-Somoza. 2021. "Challenges Associated with Parenting While Incarcerated: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189927