When Movement Moves: Study Protocol for a Multi-Method Pre/Post Evaluation Study of Two Programmes; the Danish Team Twin and Cycling Without Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Presenting the Programmes
1.1.1. Team Twin—Association and Members
1.1.2. Cycling Without Age—Association and Members
1.1.3. Interrelated Dependency
2. Methods
2.1. Study Aims
- (1)
- How does being moved by others affect the QoL among handiathletes (disabled people—TT) and passengers (elderly—CWA)?
- (2)
- Does indirect PA lead to improved physiological health among handiathletes (disabled people—TT) and passengers (elderly—CWA)?
- (3)
- How does physically moving others affect the volunteers’ perceived physical and mental health and their QoL?
- (4)
- What does it mean for relatives and nursing staff that handiathletes and nursing home residents are affiliated with TT and CWA, respectively?
2.2. Programme Theory Development
3. Study Design and Evaluation
3.1. Shared Outcomes and Outcome Measures
3.2. Sample Size and Power
3.3. Qualitative Approach
- (1)
- Individual and/or focus group interviews with representatives from all target groups, both primary and secondary, from both programmes.
- (2)
- Participant observations during both TT and CWA activities.
3.4. Team Twin—Recruitment and Data Collection
3.4.1. Recruitment Process
3.4.2. Handiathletes
- (1)
- The HA must be affiliated with a TT local club.
- (2)
- The HA must be competent in legal matters (i.e., manage own life).
3.4.3. Runners
3.4.4. Relatives
3.5. Quantitative Approach—Material and Instruments
3.5.1. Clinical Examination
- Fasting must be initiated at least 8 h prior to testing.
- No exercise 36 h prior to testing.
- No caffeine 24 h prior to testing.
- No alcohol 48 h prior to testing.
- No smoking 8 h prior to testing.
- No Antacida, NSAIDs, paracetamol, or Proton Pump Inhibitors PPIs 24 h prior to testing.
3.5.2. Medical Examination, Blood Samples and Blood Pressure
3.5.3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
3.5.4. Body Anthropometrics
3.5.5. Bio Tracking PA and Sleep Pattern
3.5.6. Trip Registration—TT Activities
3.5.7. Outcomes
- Outcomes and measures in the Team Twin programme evaluation
- Outcomes of the WMM study—Team Twin
Measurement (Outcome) | What (Operational) | How (Instrument) | When (Timing of Collection) | Who (Data Source) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PRIMARY OUTCOME | ||||
Quality of life (QOL) | Cantril Ladder of Life Scale [62] | Web and interview-based questionnaires | Pre, post | HA, Runners, Relatives |
SECONDARY OUTCOMES | ||||
Autonomy | The perceived feeling of being in control over ones own life | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA |
Sleep | Sleep quality and sleep quantity | Web-based questionnaire Bio tracking (HA) SMS-Survey (HA) | Baseline, during (HA), follow-up | HA, Runners |
Well-being | WHO-five Well-being Index [59] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA, Runners |
Loneliness | A perceived feeling of loneliness and lack of network and support [54,63] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA, Runners |
EXPLORATIVE OUTCOMES | ||||
Self-perceived health | Subjectively perceived Health [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA, Runners |
Perceived pain | Mental and physical pain/discomfort [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA |
Self-perceived Physical performance | Subjectively perceived Physical performance [65] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Runners |
Epileptic seizures | Reduced epileptic seizures (adjusted version [66]) | Paper-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA |
Self-efficacy | General self-efficacy [56,67] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA, Runners |
Self-worth | Perceived feeling of acceptance [55] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA, Runners |
Social/emotional support and network | Contact and support with friends, family and others. The perceived feeling of being valued, respected and accepted by others [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | HA |
UNINTENDED SIDE EFFECTS | ||||
Fatigue | The perceived feeling of fatigue related to voluntariness or programme activity | Web-based questionnaire | Post | HA, Runners |
Anxiety | The perceived feeling of anxiety trigged by the programme activity | Web-based questionnaire | Post | HA, Runners |
Injuries | Amount of injuries by participation | Web-based questionnaire | Post | HA, Runners |
Objective clinical data (only measures for HA TT) | ||||
Body anthropometrics |
| Dual X-ray absorptiometry | Pre1, Pre2 + Post | HA |
Clinical blood samples | Blood glucose control:
| Standard clinical procedure | Pre1, Pre2 + Post | HA |
Blood lipids:
| ||||
OGTT |
| Standard OGTT-procedure | Pre1, Pre2 + Post | HA |
Fitness level |
| Estimated from haematocrit level | Pre1, Pre2 + Post | HA |
Office blood pressure |
| Monitored by a standard procedure for office blood pressure | Pre1, Pre2 + Post | HA |
Trip registration | ||||
Objective observational data from every training/trip |
| Online trip registration (QR-code directing users to a short web-based questionnaire is scanned immediately after the TT) | During the programmes and after finishing a programme activity. | Context related data completed by a runner after each activity TT: Runners fulfil the online form |
3.6. Cycling Without Age—Recruitment and Data Collection
3.6.1. Recruitment Process
3.6.2. Passengers
3.7. Quantitative Approach—Material and Instruments
3.7.1. Objective Functional and Cognitive Appraisal
3.7.2. Physical Function and Mobility
3.7.3. Muscle Strength
3.7.4. Trip Registration for CWA Programme
3.7.5. Outcomes
- Outcomes and measures in the Cycling Without Age evaluation
- Outcomes of the WMM study—Cycling Without Age
Measurement (Outcome) | What (Operational) | How (Instrument) | When (Timing of Collection) | Who in CWA (Data Source) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PRIMARY OUTCOME | ||||
Quality of life (QoL) | Cantril Ladder of Life Scale [62] | Web- and interview-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, Pilots, Nursing staff |
SECONDARY OUTCOMES | ||||
Autonomy | The perceived feeling of being in control over ones own life | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers |
Sleep | Sleep quality and sleep quantity | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, Pilots, |
Well-being | CUA: Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (S)WEMWBS) [58,60] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, Pilots |
Loneliness | A perceived feeling of loneliness and lack of network and support [54,63] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, Pilots |
EXPLORATIVE OUTCOMES | ||||
Self-perceived health | Subjectively perceived Health [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, Pilots, |
Perceived pain | Mental and physical pain/discomfort [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
Self-perceived Physical performance | Subjectively perceived Physical performance [65] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
Self-efficacy | General self-efficacy [56,67] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
Self-worth | Perceived feeling of Acceptance [55] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
Autonomy | The perceived feeling of being in control over ones own life | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
Social/emotional support and network | Contact and support with friends, family and others. The perceived feeling of being valued, respected and accepted by others [64] | Web-based questionnaire | Pre, post | Passengers, pilots |
UNINTENDED SIDE EFFECTS | ||||
Fatigue | The perceived feeling of fatigue related to voluntariness or programme activity | Web-based questionnaire | Post | Passengers, pilots |
Anxiety | The perceived feeling of anxiety trigged by the programme activity | Web-based questionnaire | Post | Passengers, pilots |
Injuries | Amount of injuries by participation | Web-based questionnaire | Post | Passengers, pilots |
Objective functional and cognitive level (only for CWA; Passengers) | ||||
Cognitive function | Brief Assessment of Impaired Cognition Questionnaire (BASIC-Q) [68,80] | Interview-based case-finding survey | Pre, post | Passengers |
Physical function and mobility | Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [69,71] | Functional and physical test | Pre, post | Passengers |
Muscle Strength | Grip Strength [81] | Physical test | Pre, post | Passengers |
Gait endurance | 6-Min Walk Test [73,75] | Functional test | Pre, post | Passengers |
Trip registration for CWA | ||||
Objective observational data from every training/trip |
| Online trip registration (QR-code directing users to a short web-based questionnaire is scanned immediately after the CWA activity) | During the programme After finishing a CWA activity. | Context related data completed by one person after each activity Passengers pilots |
3.8. Planned Statistical Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Main Contribution
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PA | Physical activity |
QoL | Quality of Life |
WMM | When Movement Moves |
TT | Team Twin |
CWA | Cycling Without Age |
HA | Handiathletes |
CFAS | Centre for Physical Activity Research |
BASIC-Q | Cognitive function Brief Assessment of Impaired Cognition Questionnaire |
SOP | Standard operation procedure |
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Target Group | Primary | Secondary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Programme | ||||
Team Twin | Handiathletes | Runners | Relatives | |
Cycling Without Age | Passengers | Pilots | Nursing staff |
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Jørgensen, A.; Petersen, C.B.; Eghøj, M.; Toftager, M. When Movement Moves: Study Protocol for a Multi-Method Pre/Post Evaluation Study of Two Programmes; the Danish Team Twin and Cycling Without Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910008
Jørgensen A, Petersen CB, Eghøj M, Toftager M. When Movement Moves: Study Protocol for a Multi-Method Pre/Post Evaluation Study of Two Programmes; the Danish Team Twin and Cycling Without Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910008
Chicago/Turabian StyleJørgensen, Andreas, Christina Bjørk Petersen, Martin Eghøj, and Mette Toftager. 2021. "When Movement Moves: Study Protocol for a Multi-Method Pre/Post Evaluation Study of Two Programmes; the Danish Team Twin and Cycling Without Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910008