ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | ABO Blood Groups n = 483 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O N = 200 N (%) | A N = 220 N (%) | B N = 44 N (%) | AB N = 19 N (%) | ||
Female Sex | 127 (63.5) | 131 (59.5) | 31 (70.5) | 11 (57.9) | 0.528 |
Age (years) mean ± standard desviation | 37.3 ± 15.5 | 37.4 ± 16.9 | 37.9 ± 18.0 | 33.7 ± 13.5 | 0.528 |
0–14 | 23 (11.5) | 24 (10.9) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (5.3) | |
15–24 | 39 (19.5) | 36 (16.4) | 9 (20.5) | 5 (26.3) | |
25–34 | 21 (10.5) | 34 (15.5) | 3 (6.8) | 2 (10.5) | |
35–44 | 40 (20.0) | 39 (17.7) | 9 (20.5) | 9 (47.4) | |
45–54 | 40 (20.0) | 53 (24.1) | 11 (25.0) | 2 (10.5) | |
55–64 | 28 (14.0) | 27 (12.3) | 6 (13.6) | 0 (0) | |
65 and over | 9 (4.5) | 7 (3.2) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | |
Occupation 1,2 | |||||
Occupation I-II | 60 (30.3) | 63 (28.6) | 17 (39.5) | 4 (21.1) | 0.444 |
Occupation III-VI | 138 (69.7) | 157 (71.4) | 26 (60.5) | 15 (78.9) | |
Physical exercise | 115 (57.5) | 135 (61.4) | 29 (67.4) | 10 (52.6) | 0.656 |
Alcohol consumption 3 | 44 (23.0) | 45 (20.8) | 12 (27.9) | 7 (36.8) | 0.336 |
Smoking 4 | |||||
No smoking | 119 (62.6) | 135 (62.8) | 26 (60.5) | 16 (84.2) | 0.567 |
Ex smoking | 42 (22.1) | 52 (24.2) | 11 (25.6) | 1 (5.3) | |
Current smoker | 29 (15.3) | 28 (13.0) | 6 (13.9) | 2 (10.5) | |
Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) 5 | |||||
<18.5 | 20 (10.1) | 15 (6.9) | 5 (11.6) | 1 (5.3) | 0.321 |
18.5–24.9 | 92 (46.2) | 86 (39.6) | 20 (46.5) | 11 (57.9) | |
25.0–29.9 | 51 (25.6) | 80 (36.9) | 11 (25.6) | 6 (31.6) | |
≥30.0 | 36 (18.1) | 36 (16.6) | 7 (16.3) | 1 (5.3) | |
Chronic illness 6 | 66 (33.2) | 81 (37.3) | 14 (31.8) | 5 (26.3) | 0.698 |
Exposure COVID-19 | |||||
See a person with a cough at mass gathering events 7 | 91 (45.7) | 93 (43.1) | 15 (34.9) | 6 (31.6) | 0.442 |
Attendance mass gathering events ≥ 2 | 121 (60.5) | 135 (61.4) | 27 (61.4) | 11 (57.9) | 0.989 |
Contact COVID-19 case 8 | 161 (81.7) | 179 (82.5) | 35 (81.4) | 14 (73.7) | 0.774 |
Family COVID-19 case 9 | 127 (63.5) | 131 (59.5) | 32 (74.4) | 13 (68.4) | 0.292 |
Variables | ABO Blood Groups n = 483 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O N (%) | A N (%) | B N (%) | AB N (%) | ||
Observed distribution in the cohort | 200 (41.41) | 220 (45.55) | 44 (9.11) | 19 (3.93) | |
Blood donors 1 | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | |
Expected in reference population | 229 (47.34) | 203 (42.02) | 36 (7.52) | 15 (3.12) | 0.271 |
COVID-19 Outbreak n = 1338 | |||||
Expected in reference population | 633 (47.34) | 562 (42.02) | 101 (7.52) | 42 (3.12) | |
Incidence rate ×100 | 31.6 | 39.1 | 43.6 | 45.2 | |
Relative Risk 95% CI 2 | 1.00 | 1.24 (1.02–1.50) | 1.37 (0.99–1.91) | 1.43 (0.89–2.29) | 0.008 |
Blood donors 3 | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | -------------------------- | |
Expected in reference population | 232 (48.03) | 208 (42.99) | 31 (6.43) | 12 (2.55) | 0.089 |
COVID-19 Outbreak n = 1338 | |||||
Expected in reference population | 643 (48.03) | 575 (42.99) | 86 (6.43) | 34 (2.55) | |
Incidence rate ×100 | 31.1 | 38.3 | 51.2 | 55.9 | |
Relative Risk 95% CI 2 | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | 1.64 (1.19–2.28) | 1.80 (1.12–2.88) | 0.000 |
Active general population 4 | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------ | |
Expected in reference popopulation | 211 (43.76) | 216 (43.76) | 46 (9.73) | 10 (2.0) | 0.366 |
COVID-19 Outbreak n = 1338 | |||||
Expected reference population | 585(43.76) | 598 (43.76) | 128 (9.73) | 27 (2.0) | |
Incidence rate ×100 | 34.2 | 36.8 | 34.4 | 70.4 | |
Relative Risk 95% CI | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | 1.06 (0.72–1.39) | 2.06 (1.29–3.30) | 0.084 |
Variables | ABO Blood Groups n = 483 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O N = 200 N (%) | A N = 220 N (%) | B N = 44 N (%) | AB N = 19 N (%) | ||
Symptomatic | 178 (89) | 193(87.7) | 41(93.2) | 17 (89.5) | 0.804 |
Asymptomatic | 22 (11) | 27 (12.3) | 3 (14.7) | 2 (10.5) | |
Medical consultation for acute illness | 86 (43) | 94 (42.7) | 23 (52.3) | 4 (21.1) | 0.152 |
Hospitalization | 3 (1.5) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0.542 |
Illness duration 1 | 11.7 ± 13.4 | 13.2 ± 22.5 | 13.7 ± 14.9 | 11.3 ± 10.8 | 0.911 |
Illness symptoms | |||||
Cough 2 | 85 (42.5) | 93 (42.3) | 16 (36.4) | 8 (42.1) | 0.899 |
Runny nose | 53 (26.5) | 63(28.6) | 10 (22.7) | 8 (42.1) | 0.436 |
Throat pain | 56 (28) | 66 (30) | 16 (36.4) | 7 (36.8) | 0.618 |
Fever | 98 (49) | 94 (42.7) | 30 (68.2) | 9 (47.4) | 0.020 |
Loss smell/taste 3 | 100 (50) | 100(45.5) | 31 (70.5) | 7 (36.8) | 0.016 |
Diarrhea | 44 (22) | 52 (23.6) | 16 (36.4) | 5 (26.3) | 0.247 |
Vomits | 7 (3.5) | 13 (5.9) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.158 |
Weakness | 101 (50.5) | 104 (47.3) | 29 (65.9) | 11 (57.9) | 0.137 |
Headache | 76 (38) | 93 (42.3) | 23(52.3) | 7 (36.8) | 0.379 |
Myalgia | 91 (45.5) | 96 (43.6) | 25 (56.8) | 12(63.2) | 0.189 |
Dyspnea | 8 (4) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (10.5) | 0.282 |
Skin’s lesions 4 | 18 (9) | 23 (10.5) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.861 |
Habitual health status | |||||
Poor | 1 (0.01) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.743 |
Fair | 7 (3.5) | 8 (3.6) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
Good | 106 (53) | 119 (54.1) | 24 (54.5) | 10 (52.6) | |
Very good | 85 (42.5) | 89 (40.5) | 16 (36.4) | 9 (47.4) | |
Health status October 2020 | |||||
Poor | 0 (0) | 1 (0.01) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.595 |
Fair | 18 (9) | 16 (7.3) | 5 (11.4) | 0 (0) | |
Good | 139 (69.5) | 144 (65.5) | 28 (63.6) | 12 (63.2) | |
Very good | 43 (21.5) | 59 (26.8) | 11 (25.0) | 7 (36.8) |
Variables | ABO Blood Group | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O (N = 200) N (%) | A (N = 220) N (%) | B (N = 44) N (%) | AB (N = 19) N (%) | ||
Complications | 63 (31.5) | 70 (31.8) | 22 (50.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.072 |
Recovery health 1 | 166 (83.0) | 179 (81.4) | 31 (70.5) | 19 (100) | 0.047 |
Health the same as before 2 | 173 (86.5) | 178 (80.9) | 32 (72.7) | 19 (100) | 0.025 |
Medical consultation 3 | 19 (9.6) | 23 (10.6) | 5 (11.9) | 0 (0) | 0.539 |
Complications‘ duration (mean ± standard deviation) | 163.0 ± 47.0 | 160.3 ± 45.8 | 158.3 ± 44.6 | 150.0 ± 52.0 | 0.919 |
Reported symptoms October 2020 | |||||
Reported at least one symptom | 101 (50.5) | 119 (59.1) | 27 (61.5) | 11 (57.9) | 0.586 |
Fatigue | 32 (16.0) | 40 (18.1) | 13 (29.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0.187 |
Weakness | 14 (7.0) | 17 (7.7) | 6 (13.6) | 3 (15.8) | 0.240 |
Dyspnea | 13(6.5) | 16 (7.3) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (5.3) | 0.986 |
Thorax oppression | 6 (3.0) | 8 (3.6) | 2 (4.2) | 1 (5.3) | 0.716 |
Cough | 13 (6.5) | 10 (4.6) | 2 (4.6) | 1 (5.3) | 0.810 |
Fever | 3 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.830 |
Throat pain | 9 (4.5) | 15 (6.8) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.424 |
Runny nose | 15 (7.5) | 18 (8.2) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (5.3) | 0.988 |
Loss smell/taste | 30 (15) | 35 (15.9) | 11(35) | 2 (10.5) | 0.390 |
Nausea/vomits | 4 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.561 |
Diarrhea | 8 (4.0) | 11 (5.0) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (5.3) | 0.817 |
Alimentary intolerance | 4 (2.0) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.592 |
Abdominal pain | 9 (4.5) | 6 (7.3) | 4 (9.1) | 1 (5.3) | 0.179 |
Muscle pain | 21(10.5) | 27 (12.3) | 8 (18.2) | 0 (0) | 0.196 |
Headache | 30 (15) | 27 (12.3) | 13 (29.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0.045 |
Hand/Foot pain | 16 (8.0) | 18 (8.2) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.664 |
Dizziness | 9 (4.5) | 8 (3.6) | 4 (9.1) | 1(5.3) | 0.348 |
Ringing ears | 8 (4.0) | 13 (5.9) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.277 |
Disorder vision | 6 (3.0) | 8 (3.6) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.183 |
Insomnia | 25(12.5) | 22 (10.0) | 7 (15.9) | 2 (10.5) | 0.634 |
Night sweats | 11 (5.5) | 16 (7.3) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.734 |
Depression | 9 (4.5) | 5 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.593 |
Restlessness | 18 (9.0) | 16 (7.2) | 4 (9.1) | 1 (5.3) | 0.913 |
Difficulty concentration | 10 (5.0) | 7 (3.2) | 3 (6.8) | 0 (0) | 0.544 |
Anxiety | 18 (9.0) | 21 (9.6) | 4 (9.1) | 1 (5.3) | 0.991 |
Mental confusion | 9 (4.5) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.764 |
Difficulty articulating words | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.181 |
Difficulty to solve simple math operations | 2 (1.0) | 0 | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 0.030 |
Skin lesions | 11 (5.0) | 8 (3.6) | 6 (13.6) | 0 (0) | 0.059 |
Hair lost | 48 (24.0) | 51 (23.2) | 15 (34.1) | 5 (26.3) | 0.472 |
Variables | aIR 1 (%) | aRR 1 | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Complications | ||||
O | 32.3 | 1.00 | ||
A | 32.6 | 1.01 | 0.77–1.33 | 0.950 |
B | 54.1 | 1.68 | 1.24–2.27 | 0.001 |
AB | 27.6 | 0.24 | 0.01–4.90 | 0.351 |
Recovery of illness | ||||
O | 83.1 | 1.00 | ||
A | 81.4 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.07 | 0.621 |
B | 72.8 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | 0.127 |
AB | 100.0 | 1.20 | 1.13–1.28 | 0.000 |
Health the same as before | ||||
O | 86.4 | 1.00 | ||
A | 79.9 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.01 | 0.077 |
B | 73.7 | 0.85 | 0.70–1.03 | 0.103 |
AB | 100.0 | 1.16 | 1.10–1.22 | 0.000 |
Reported symptoms | ||||
Fatigue | ||||
O | 16.2 | 1.00 | ||
A | 19.9 | 1.22 | 0.81–1.85 | 0.331 |
B | 29.0 | 1.79 | 1.08–2.95 | 0.023 |
AB | 2.6 | 0.16 | 0.01–5.23 | 0.305 |
Muscle pain | ||||
O | 9.8 | 1.00 | ||
A | 13.0 | 1.32 | 0.79–2.22 | 0.292 |
B | 21.1 | 2.06 | 1.10–3.84 | 0.023 |
AB | 0.0 | NC 2 | NC 2 | |
Loss smell/taste | ||||
O | 14.8 | 1.00 | ||
A | 16.5 | 1.11 | 0.71–1.74 | 0.652 |
B | 26.0 | 1.75 | 0.95–3.23 | 0.070 |
AB | 15.1 | 0.01–9.28 | 0.524 | |
Headache | ||||
O | 13.9 | 1.00 | ||
A | 12.9 | 0.93 | 0.57–1.50 | 0.751 |
B | 36.4 | 2.61 | 1.58–4.31 | 0.000 |
AB | 20.7 | 1.49 | 0.60–3.71 | 0.392 |
Skin’s lesions | ||||
O | 5.5 | 1.00 | ||
A | 3.4 | 0.71 | 0.29–1.72 | 0.448 |
B | 14.1 | 2.46 | 0.98–6.20 | 0.056 |
AB | 0 | NC 2 | NC 2 | |
Disorder vision | ||||
O | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||
A | 3.8 | 1.29 | 0.46–3.61 | 0.624 |
B | 12.8 | 4.26 | 1.33–13.60 | 0.014 |
AB | 0 | NC 2 | NC 2 | |
Brain fog 3 | ||||
O | 12.3 | 1.00 | ||
A | 8.4 | 0.69 | 0.38–1.20 | 0.188 |
B | 18.1 | 1.46 | 0.75–2.73 | 0.266 |
AB | 5.9 | 0.48 | 0.13–1.71 | 0.257 |
Medical consultation acute illness | ||||
O | 42.5 | 1.00 | ||
A | 44.5 | 1.05 | 0.85–1.29 | 0.678 |
B | 56.7 | 1.33 | 1.01–1.75 | 0.041 |
AB | 31.9 | 0.75 | 0.44–1.28 | 0.294 |
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Domènech-Montoliu, S.; Puig-Barberà, J.; Pac-Sa, M.R.; Vidal-Utrillas, P.; Latorre-Poveda, M.; Rio-González, A.D.; Ferrando-Rubert, S.; Ferrer-Abad, G.; Sánchez-Urbano, M.; Aparisi-Esteve, L.; et al. ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910039
Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR, Vidal-Utrillas P, Latorre-Poveda M, Rio-González AD, Ferrando-Rubert S, Ferrer-Abad G, Sánchez-Urbano M, Aparisi-Esteve L, et al. ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910039
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomènech-Montoliu, Salvador, Joan Puig-Barberà, Maria Rosario Pac-Sa, Paula Vidal-Utrillas, Marta Latorre-Poveda, Alba Del Rio-González, Sara Ferrando-Rubert, Gema Ferrer-Abad, Manuel Sánchez-Urbano, Laura Aparisi-Esteve, and et al. 2021. "ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910039