Consolidation, Stages of Change, and Loyalty among Users of Public Sports and Health Services Aged 12–16
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure and Research Design
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Dimensions and Items | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading | Correlation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||||
1. Sports instructors; α = 0.84; AVE = 0.68; CR = 0.89 | - | 0.409 ** | 0.388 ** | 0.650 ** | 0.365 ** | 0.585 ** | 0.473 ** | 0.527 ** | |||||
I am happy with the treatment I have received so far from the teacher/coach. | 3.86 | 1.11 | −0.814 | 0.060 | 0.818 | ||||||||
I believe that the teacher/coach has been paying appropriate attention to the users’ problems since day one. | 3.80 | 1.04 | −0.614 | −0.228 | 0.846 | ||||||||
I believe that the teacher/coach adapts the classes/training to the customers’ interests/needs. | 3.84 | 1.02 | −0.627 | −0.147 | 0.819 | ||||||||
I believe that the teacher/coach is encouraging the group sufficiently. | 3.96 | 1.04 | −0.776 | −0.074 | 0.815 | ||||||||
2. Sports facilities; α = 0.85; AVE = 0.77; CR = 0.91 | - | - | 0.604 ** | 0.452 ** | 0.440 ** | 0.515 ** | 0.464 ** | 0.423 ** | |||||
The changing rooms are sufficiently clean. | 3.39 | 1.18 | −0.278 | −0.699 | 0.884 | ||||||||
The changing rooms are spacious enough. | 3.45 | 1.11 | −0.211 | −0.701 | 0.881 | ||||||||
The facilities are clean enough. | 3.44 | 1.14 | −0.283 | −0.652 | 0.869 | ||||||||
3. Equipment; α = 0.83; AVE = 0.75; CR = 0.90 | - | - | - | 0.491 ** | 0.439 ** | 0.527 ** | 0.417 ** | 0.411 ** | |||||
There is sufficient equipment for training. | 3.50 | 1.13 | −0.333 | −0.650 | 0.863 | ||||||||
The equipment is in good condition for use. | 3.57 | 1.08 | −0.333 | −0.523 | 0.905 | ||||||||
The equipment is modern. | 3.43 | 1.15 | −0.293 | −0.672 | 0.837 | ||||||||
4. Activity; α = 0.82; AVE = 0.58; CR = 0.87 | - | - | - | - | 0.499 ** | 0.659 ** | 0.563 ** | 0.619 ** | |||||
The activity is enjoyable. | 3.82 | 1.05 | −0.610 | −0.162 | 0.782 | ||||||||
The tasks carried out in the training sessions are diverse enough. | 3.88 | 0.98 | −0.617 | −0.133 | 0.819 | ||||||||
Activities end at the appointed time. | 3.85 | 1.10 | −0.725 | −0.219 | 0.723 | ||||||||
I get the expected results with this activity. | 3.87 | 1.03 | −0.769 | 0.145 | 0.783 | ||||||||
It was easy for me to join the activity I am participating in. | 3.85 | 1.09 | −0.745 | −0.109 | 0.717 | ||||||||
5. Communication; α = 0.81; AVE = 0.73; CR = 0.89 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.542 ** | 0.555 ** | 0.510 ** | |||||
The facilities have several means of receiving suggestions (suggestion box, bulletin board). | 3.26 | 1.21 | −0.164 | −0.849 | 0.823 | ||||||||
The information on the activities offered at the centre is appropriate. | 3.59 | 1.06 | −0.304 | −0.488 | 0.869 | ||||||||
The range of activities is constantly being updated. | 3.55 | 1.09 | −0.291 | −0.590 | 0.871 | ||||||||
6. Service personnel; α = 0.80; AVE = 0.83; CR = 0.91 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.619 ** | 0.624 ** | |||||
The staff are friendly. | 3.80 | 1.06 | −0.647 | −0.094 | 0.916 | ||||||||
The staff at the facility have a good relationship with each other. | 3.87 | 1.02 | −0.602 | −0.260 | 0.916 | ||||||||
7. Satisfaction; α = 0.89; AVE = 0.75; CR = 0.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.614 ** | |||||
Joining this club was a good decision. | 3.98 | 1.01 | −0.786 | 0.096 | 0.871 | ||||||||
I am glad I joined this club. | 4.05 | 0.95 | −0.731 | −0.080 | 0.894 | ||||||||
It was a good decision to engage in sports activities in this club. | 4.04 | 0.95 | −0.754 | 0.017 | 0.887 | ||||||||
I am pleased to be enrolled in this club. | 4.06 | 0.98 | −0.853 | 0.113 | 0.824 | ||||||||
8. Loyalty; α = 0.88; AVE = 0.70; CR = 0.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
I will share the positive aspects of this sports club with other people. | 5.50 | 1.41 | −1.004 | 0.778 | 0.855 | ||||||||
I will recommend this sports centre to anyone seeking my advice. | 5.54 | 1.34 | −0.850 | 0.190 | 0.892 | ||||||||
I will encourage my friends and family to participate in sports activities at this centre. | 5.59 | 1.39 | −0.897 | 0.158 | 0.860 | ||||||||
I would consider this club as my first choice for any sports service I might need. | 5.50 | 1.45 | −0.938 | 0.404 | 0.844 | ||||||||
In the next few years, I will take part in more sports activities in this club. | 5.26 | 1.65 | −0.882 | 0.050 | 0.734 |
Socio-Demographic Variables and Dimensions | Stages of Change | Groups | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | Less Consolidated Stages | Later Stages | Comparison | Size Effect | |
Total | 1.6% | 8.7% | 6.3% | 14.1% | 69.3% | 16.6% | 83.4% | 0.009 | ||
Male | 1.8% | 10.3% | 6.8% | 15.3% | 65.9% | 18.9% | 81.1% | 0.063 | ||
Female | 1.3% | 7.0% | 5.9% | 12.9% | 73.0% | 14.2% | 85.8% | |||
Age | 13.85 ± 1.29 | 14.04 ± 1.24 | 13.66 ± 1.26 | 13.79 ± 1.32 | 13.82 ± 1.33 | 13.83 ± 1.32 | 13.88 ± 1.26 | 13.82 ± 1.33 | 0.498 | |
INS | 3.52 ± 1.17 | 3.65 ± 0.79 | 3.68 ± 0.95 | 3.69 ± 0.81 | 3.95 ± 0.86 | 3.86 ± 0.87 | 3.65 ± 0.89 | 3.90 ± 0.86 | 0.000 | 0.012 |
SP | 3.64 ± 1.17 | 3.63 ± 0.75 | 3.49 ± 0.91 | 3.68 ± 0.84 | 3.92 ± 0.83 | 3.83 ± 0.84 | 3.58 ± 0.86 | 3.88 ± 0.83 | 0.000 | 0.017 |
SF | 3.23 ± 1.19 | 3.33 ± 0.91 | 3.04 ± 1.09 | 3.36 ± 0.94 | 3.50 ± 1.01 | 3.43 ± 1.01 | 3.21 ± 1.02 | 3.47 ± 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.009 |
EQP | 3.25 ± 1.21 | 3.43 ± 0.86 | 3.11 ± 1.11 | 3.46 ± 0.92 | 3.56 ± 0.97 | 3.50 ± 0.97 | 3.20 ± 1.00 | 3.54 ± 0.96 | 0.000 | 0.006 |
ACT | 3.47 ± 1.10 | 3.62 ± 0.74 | 3.69 ± 0.85 | 3.74 ± 0.74 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 3.86 ± 0.80 | 3.63 ± 0.82 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
COMM | 3.23 ± 1.12 | 3.38 ± 0.84 | 3.12 ± 1.03 | 3.30 ± 0.93 | 3.54 ± −95 | 3.46 ± 0.96 | 3.27 ± 0.95 | 3.50 ± 0.95 | 0.000 | 0.008 |
SATS | 3.67 ± 1.22 | 3.70 ± 0.94 | 3.71 ± 1.01 | 3.79 ± 0.89 | 3.99 ± 0.90 | 3.91 ± 0.92 | 3.70 ± 0.99 | 3.95 ± 0.90 | 0.000 | 0.010 |
LOY | 4.80 ± 1.61 | 5.13 ± 1.18 | 5.10 ± 1.28 | 5.28 ± 1.13 | 5.61 ± 1.18 | 5.48 ± 1.21 | 5.09 ± 1.26 | 5.56 ± 0.1.18 | 0.000 | 0.021 |
Goodness-of-Fit Indices and Model Comparisons for Tested Models | |||||||
Model | CMIN | DF | CMIN/DF | CFI | RMSEA | ECVI | AIC |
0 | 896.370 | 349 | 2.568 | 0.965 | 0.041 | 1.165 | 1068.370 |
0a | 633.172 | 349 | 1.814 | 0.922 | 0.059 | 3.426 | 805.172 |
0b | 647.129 | 349 | 1.854 | 0.973 | 0.037 | 1.296 | 819.129 |
1 | 2231.567 | 698 | 3.197 | 0.948 | 0.036 | 1.502 | 2575.567 |
2 | 2270.842 | 719 | 3.158 | 0.948 | 0.035 | 1.500 | 2572.842 |
3 | 2282.322 | 732 | 3.118 | 0.948 | 0.035 | 1.492 | 2558.322 |
4 | 2333.449 | 753 | 3.099 | 0.947 | 0.035 | 1.497 | 2567.449 |
5 | 2344.171 | 755 | 3.105 | 0.947 | 0.035 | 1.501 | 2574.171 |
Comparisons of Conditions Using Measurement Invariance Procedures | |||||||
Model correct | Model | Dif. DF | Dif. CMIN | p | Dif. CFI | Dif. RMSEA | |
Assuming model 1 to be correct | 2 | 21 | 39.275 | 0.009 | 0.000 | −0.001 | |
3 | 34 | 50.756 | 0.032 | 0.000 | −0.001 | ||
4 | 55 | 101.882 | 0.000 | −0.001 | −0.001 | ||
5 | 57 | 112.604 | 0.000 | −0.001 | −0.001 | ||
Assuming model 2 to be correct | 3 | 13 | 11.481 | 0.571 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
4 | 34 | 62.607 | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.000 | ||
5 | 36 | 73.330 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 | ||
Assuming model 3 to be correct | 4 | 21 | 51.126 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 | |
5 | 23 | 61.849 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 | ||
Assuming model 4 to be correct | 5 | 2 | 10.722 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total Users | Less Consolidated Group | More Advanced Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | |||
Relations between Dimensions | Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | ||
SATS | ← | INS | 0.110 * | -- | 0.177 | -- | 0.099 * | -- |
SATS | ← | SS | 0.447 ** | -- | 0.431 ** | -- | 0.446 ** | -- |
SATS | ← | COMM | 0.015 | -- | 0.078 | -- | 0.003 | -- |
SATS | ← | ACT | 0.306 ** | -- | 0.299 * | -- | 0.307 ** | -- |
SATS | ← | EQP | 0.024 | -- | 0.024 | -- | 0.017 | -- |
SATS | ← | SF | 0.016 | -- | 0.043 | -- | 0.018 | -- |
LOY | ← | SATS | 0.426 ** | -- | 0.254 | -- | 0.444 ** | -- |
LOY | ← | INS | 0.057 | 0.047 * | 0.091 | -- | 0.051 | 0.044 * |
LOY | ← | SP | 0.110 | 0.191 ** | 0.393 * | -- | 0.058 | 0.198 ** |
LOY | ← | COMM | 0.090 | -- | 0.019 | -- | 0.106 * | -- |
LOY | ← | ACT | 0.221 * | 0.130 * | 0.181 | -- | 0.227 ** | 0.137 ** |
LOY | ← | EQP | −0.045 | -- | 0.055 | -- | −0.048 | -- |
LOY | ← | SF | 0.040 | -- | −0.056 | -- | 0.052 | -- |
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Fernández-Martínez, A.; Dueñas-Dorado, L.A.; Teva-Villén, M.R.; Nuviala, A. Consolidation, Stages of Change, and Loyalty among Users of Public Sports and Health Services Aged 12–16. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910113
Fernández-Martínez A, Dueñas-Dorado LA, Teva-Villén MR, Nuviala A. Consolidation, Stages of Change, and Loyalty among Users of Public Sports and Health Services Aged 12–16. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910113
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Martínez, Antonio, Luis Alberto Dueñas-Dorado, María Rosario Teva-Villén, and Alberto Nuviala. 2021. "Consolidation, Stages of Change, and Loyalty among Users of Public Sports and Health Services Aged 12–16" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910113