Potential Use of Untreated Wastewater for Assessing COVID-19 Trends in Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Virus Concentration
2.4. RNA Extraction
2.5. Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Quantitative PCR (Real-Time RT-(q) PCR)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
- 15 days before: positive vs. negative wastewater samples
- 15 days after: positive vs. negative wastewater samples
- 15 days before vs. 15 days after: positive wastewater samples
- 15 days before vs. 15 days after: negative wastewater samples
- COVID-19 case trend in the 15 days before wastewater sampling
- COVID-19 case trend in the 15 days after wastewater sampling
- Population served by each plant
- Current average daily capacity (m3/d) of each WWTP
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province and WWTP a | Served population b | Current capacity c (m3/d) d |
---|---|---|
BA-A | 224,830 | 84,854 |
BA-B | 380,924 | 66,634 |
BT-A | 130,000 | 13,907 |
BT-B | 127,728 | 15,061 |
BT-C | 66,232 | 12,960 |
BR-A | 116,022 | 18,000 |
FG-A | 183,695 | 33,148 |
FG-B | 75,895 | 10,000 |
FG-C | 15,969 | 2150 |
FG-D | 33,789 | 4900 |
LE-A | 43,302 | 6344 |
LE-B | 37,576 | 10,546 |
LE-C | 147,307 | 25,753 |
TA-A | 34,754 | 8757 |
TA-B | 239,166 | 34,045 |
Province and WWTP | Sampling Date (Year 2020) | EnLab | ISS |
---|---|---|---|
Ct Value | g.c./L | ||
BA-A | October 6 | 36.11 | n.d. |
October 22 | 36.93 | n.d. | |
November 2 | 37.62 | 3.5 × 103 | |
November 16 | 36.17 | 4.8 × 103 | |
BA-B | July 27 | 38.73 | 1.4 × 103 |
October 6 | 37.02 | n.d. | |
October 22 | 37.81 | 8.8 × 102 | |
November 2 | 36.17 | 1.7 × 103 | |
November 16 | 35.46 | 4.8 × 103 | |
BT-A | November 10 | 35.94 | 4.1 × 103 |
November 23 | 35.43 | 5.1 × 103 | |
BT-B | October 22 | 37.19 | 1.5 × 103 |
November 10 | 38.42 | 1.3 × 103 | |
November 23 | 35.02 | 1.5 × 104 | |
FG-A | October 20 | 37.57 | n.d. |
FG-C | May 7 | 32.04 | 6.2 × 104 |
May 29 | 34.04 | 1.2 × 104 | |
June 17 | 33.63 | 3.4 × 104 | |
LE-B | September 16 | 37.19 | n.d. |
October 29 | 38.12 | n.d. | |
November 4 | 38.15 | 1.4 × 103 | |
TA-A | September 8 | 37.12 | n.d. |
November 17 | 37.09 | 2.4 × 103 | |
TA-B | October 27 | 38.47 | n.d. |
November 3 | 38.24 | 6.5 × 104 | |
November 17 | 36.52 | 1.7 × 103 |
30 April 2020 | 31 May 2020 | 30 June 2020 | 31 July 2020 | 31 August 2020 | 30 September 2020 | 31 October 2020 | 30 November 2020 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province | WWTP | Cases a | Incid b | Cases a | Incid b | Cases a | Incid b | Cases a | Incid b | Casesa | Incid b | Casesa | Incid b | Cases a | Incid b | Cases a | Incid b |
BA | 1313 | 10.5 | 1483 | 11.8 | 1491 | 11.9 | 1504 | 12.0 | 1890 | 15.1 | 3034 | 24.2 | 7668 | 61.4 | 20,839 | 166.4 | |
A+B | 19 | 0.3 | 27 | 0.4 | 28 | 0.4 | 28 | 0.4 | 40 | 0.6 | 68 | 1.1 | 2105 | 33.3 | 2844 | 47.02 | |
BT | 373 | 9.6 | 380 | 9.7 | 380 | 9.7 | 382 | 9.8 | 442 | 11.3 | 694 | 17.8 | 1989 | 51.0 | 6186 | 158.6 | |
A+B | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 578 | 22.3 | 1544 | 59.90 | |
FG | 1044 | 16.8 | 1155 | 18.2 | 1170 | 18.8 | 1186 | 19.1 | 1377 | 22.1 | 1887 | 30.3 | 4414 | 70.9 | 12,589 | 202.3 | |
A | 10 | 0.54 | 4 | 0.21 | 3 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.32 | 7 | 0.38 | 50 | 2.72 | 873 | 47.5 | |
C | 8 | 0.3 | 10 | 0.4 | 11 | 0.4 | 11 | 0.4 | 11 | 0.4 | 12 | 0.5 | 62 | 2.4 | 252 | 157.8 | |
LE | 487 | 6.1 | 515 | 6.5 | 521 | 6.6 | 557 | 7.0 | 670 | 8.4 | 797 | 10.0 | 1287 | 16.2 | 4119 | 51.8 | |
B | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 1.1 | 44 | 11.7 | |
TA | 258 | 4.5 | 281 | 4.9 | 281 | 4.9 | 281 | 4.9 | 313 | 5.4 | 540 | 9.4 | 1851 | 32.1 | 6408 | 111.1 | |
A+B | 16 | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | 17 | 0.5 | 17 | 0.5 | 17 | 0.5 | 24 | 0.7 | 374 | 10.9 | 1316 | 48.04 |
Outcome of Wastewater Samples for SARS-CoV-2 | No. (%) of Negative Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 | No. (%) of Positive Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 |
---|---|---|
Negative | 453,911 (99.9) | 529 (0.1) |
Positive | 77,049 (95.0) | 4101 (5.0) |
Total | 530,960 (99.1) | 4630 (0.9) |
Outcome of Wastewater Samples for SARS-CoV-2 | No. (%) of Negative Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 | No. (%) of Positive Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 |
---|---|---|
Negative | 453,163 (99.7) | 1277 (0.3) |
Positive | 74,350 (91.6) | 6800 (8.4) |
Total | 527,513 (98.5) | 8077 (1.5) |
Period Analyzed with Respect to Wastewater Sampling | Outcome of Wastewater Sample for SARS-CoV-2 | Percentage of Cases with Respect to Wastewater Sample Outcome for SARS-CoV-2 | χ2 with Yates’s Correction | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 days before | Positive vs. negative | 5.0% vs. 0.1% | χ2 = 19.579 p-value < 0.0001 | 45.8 (41.7–50.0) |
15 days after | Positive vs. negative | 8.4% vs. 0.3% | χ2 = 30.398 p-value < 0.0001 | 32.5 (30.6–34.5) |
15 days before vs. 15 days after | Positive vs. positive | 5.0% vs. 8.4% | χ2= 715.84 p-value < 0.0001 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) |
15 days before vs. 15 days after | Negative vs. negative | 0.1% vs. 0.3% | χ2 = 309.59 p-value < 0.0001 | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) |
β | (eβ−1) = RR (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 8.6647436 | <0.0001 * | |
COVID-19 case trend in the 15 days after sampling | 0.0067969 | 0.68 | <0.0001 * |
COVID-19 case trend in the 15 days before sampling | 0.0640235 | 6.61 | <0.0001 * |
Daily average capacity (m3/d ^) of each WWTP | −0.3440558 | −29.11 | <0.0001 * |
Population served by each plant | 0.1569391 | 16.99 | <0.0001 * |
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De Giglio, O.; Triggiano, F.; Apollonio, F.; Diella, G.; Fasano, F.; Stefanizzi, P.; Lopuzzo, M.; Brigida, S.; Calia, C.; Pousis, C.; et al. Potential Use of Untreated Wastewater for Assessing COVID-19 Trends in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910278
De Giglio O, Triggiano F, Apollonio F, Diella G, Fasano F, Stefanizzi P, Lopuzzo M, Brigida S, Calia C, Pousis C, et al. Potential Use of Untreated Wastewater for Assessing COVID-19 Trends in Southern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910278
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Giglio, Osvalda, Francesco Triggiano, Francesca Apollonio, Giusy Diella, Fabrizio Fasano, Pasquale Stefanizzi, Marco Lopuzzo, Silvia Brigida, Carla Calia, Chrysovalentinos Pousis, and et al. 2021. "Potential Use of Untreated Wastewater for Assessing COVID-19 Trends in Southern Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910278