Synergistic Effect of History of Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Distress on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement for Physical and Mental Health Status
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Probable PTSD Rate and Its Association
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Galea, S.; Nandi, A.; Vlahov, D. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiol. Rev. 2005, 27, 78–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dai, W.; Chen, L.; Lai, Z.; Li, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2016, 16, 188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shalev, A.Y.; Ankri, Y.; Israeli-Shalev, Y.; Peleg, T.; Adessky, R.; Freedman, S. Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment: Results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach And Prevention study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69, 166–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chang, J.-C.; Yen, A.M.-F.; Chen, H.-H.; Chen, S.L.-S.; Chiu, S.Y.-H.; Fann, J.C.-Y.; Lee, C.-S. Comorbid diseases as risk factors for incident post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large community cohort (KCIS no.PSY4). Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 41276. [Google Scholar]
- Carney, R.M.; Freedland, K.E.; Veith, R.C. Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom. Med. 2005, 67, S29–S33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherin, J.E.; Nemeroff, C.B. Post-traumatic stress disorder: The neurobiological impact of psychological trauma. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2011, 13, 263–278. [Google Scholar]
- Maia, D.B.; Marmar, C.R.; Henn-Haase, C.; Nóbrega, A.; Fiszman, A.; Marques-Portella, C.; Mendlowicz, M.V.; Coutinho, E.S.F.; Figueira, I. Predictors of PTSD symptoms in brazilian police officers: The synergy of negative affect and peritraumatic dissociation. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2011, 33, 362–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yasumura, S.; Hosoya, M.; Yamashita, S.; Kamiya, K.; Abe, M.; Akashi, M.; Kodama, K.; Ozasa, K.; Fukushima Health Management Survey Group. Study protocol for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 22, 375–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yabe, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Mashiko, H.; Nakayama, Y.; Hisata, M.; Niwa, S.-I.; Yasumura, S.; Yamashita, S.; Kamiya, K.; Abe, M.; et al. Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: Results of a mental health and lifestyle survey through the Fukushima Health Management Survey in FY2011 and FY2012. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 2014, 60, 57–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Blanchard, E.B.; Jones-Alexander, J.; Buckley, T.C.; Forneris, C.A. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behav. Res. Ther. 1996, 34, 669–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwasa, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Shiga, T.; Maeda, M.; Yabe, H.; Yasumura, S. Psychometric evaluation of the Japanese version of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist in community dwellers following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Incident: The Fukushima Health Management Survey. SAGE Open 2016, 6, 2158244016652444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suzuki, Y.; Yabe, H.; Horikoshi, N.; Yasumura, S.; Kawakami, N.; Ohtsuru, A.; Mashiko, H.; Maeda, M.; Mental Health Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Diagnostic accuracy of Japanese post-traumatic stress measures after a complex disaster: The Fukushima Health Management Survey. Asia Pac. Psychiatry 2017, 9, e12248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kessler, R.C.; Barker, P.R.; Colpe, L.J.; Epstein, J.F.; Gfroerer, J.C.; Hiripi, E.; Howes, M.J.; Normand, S.-L.T.; Manderscheid, R.W.; Walters, E.E.; et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003, 60, 184–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furukawa, T.A.; Kawakami, N.; Saitoh, M.; Ono, Y.; Nakane, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; Tachimori, H.; Iwata, N.; Uda, H.; Nakane, H.; et al. The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2008, 17, 152–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prochaska, J.J.; Sung, H.-Y.; Max, W.; Shi, Y.; Ong, M. Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2012, 21, 88–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maruyama, K.; Sato, S.; Ohira, T.; Maeda, K.; Noda, H.; Kubota, Y.; Nishimura, S.; Kitamura, A.; Kiyama, M.; Okada, T.; et al. The joint impact on being overweight of self-reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full: Cross sectional survey. BMJ 2008, 337, a2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- VanderWeele, T.J.; Knol, M.J. A tutorial on interaction. Epidemiol. Methods 2014, 3, 33–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosmer, D.W.; Lemeshow, S. Confidence interval estimation of interaction. Epidemiol. Camb. Mass 1992, 3, 452–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosten, T.R.; Mason, J.W.; Giller, E.L.; Ostroff, R.B.; Harkness, L. Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1987, 12, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muraoka, M.Y.; Carlson, J.G.; Chemtob, C.M. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitoring in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 1998, 11, 473–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, G.; Dao, T.K.; Farmer, L.; Sutherland, R.J.; Gevirtz, R. Heart rate variability (HRV) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A pilot study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2011, 36, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Southwick, S.M. Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993, 50, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, M.X.; Lamers, F.; de Geus, E.J.C.; Penninx, B.W.J.H. Differential autonomic nervous system reactivity in depression and anxiety during stress depending on type of stressor. Psychosom. Med. 2016, 78, 562–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stansfeld, S.A.; Fuhrer, R.; Shipley, M.J.; Marmot, M.G. Psychological distress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Whitehall II Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 31, 248–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tezuka, K.; Kubota, Y.; Ohira, T.; Shimizu, Y.; Yamagishi, K.; Umesawa, M.; Sankai, T.; Imano, H.; Okada, T.; Kiyama, M.; et al. Anger expression and the risk of cardiovascular disease among urban and rural Japanese residents: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. Psychosom. Med. 2020, 82, 215–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Without CVDH/Without MD | With CVDH/Without MD | Without CVDH/With MD | With CVDH/With MD | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants | 16242 | 930 | 19671 | 1549 | |
Age (year), mean (SD) | 58.4 (9.4) | 64.9 (7.1) | 57.6 (9.3) | 64.3 (7.2) | <0.001 |
Men, n (%) | 8441 (52.0) | 679 (73.0) | 7898 (40.2) | 915 (59.1) | <0.001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 3523 (21.7) | 132 (14.2) | 4240 (21.6) | 236 (15.2) | <0.001 |
Current drinking, n (%) | 8534 (52.5) | 464 (49.9) | 9433 (48.0) | 704 (45.5) | <0.001 |
Daily physical activity, n (%) | 7840 (48.3) | 343 (36.9) | 10358 (52.7) | 677 (43.7) | <0.001 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 6551 (40.3) | 692 (74.4) | 8514 (43.3) | 1185 (76.5) | <0.001 |
History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2844 (17.5) | 347 (37.3) | 3909 (19.9) | 608 (39.3) | <0.001 |
History of dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5879 (36.2) | 472 (50.8) | 8288 (42.1) | 909 (58.7) | <0.001 |
Variables | Without CVDH/Without MD | With CVDH/Without MD | Without CVDH/With MD | With CVDH/With MD | RERI (95% CI) | AP (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | ||||||
No. of participants | 16242 | 930 | 19671 | 1549 | ||
Probable PTSD, n (%) | 423 (2.6) | 41 (4.4) | 6924 (35.2) | 716 (46.2) | ||
Gender and age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.58 (1.14, 2.19) | 20.46 (18.49, 22.64) | 29.32 (25.49, 33.72) | 8.28 (5.11, 11.45) | 28.24 |
Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.44 (1.04, 2.01) | 20.08 (18.14, 22.22) | 26.60 (23.07, 30.67) | 6.08 (3.16, 9.00) | 22.85 |
Men | ||||||
No. of participants | 8441 | 679 | 7898 | 915 | ||
Probable PTSD, n (%) | 210 (2.5) | 28 (4.1) | 2550 (32.3) | 399 (43.6) | ||
Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.49 (0.99, 2.22) | 19.26 (16.66, 22.27) | 27.45 (22.69, 33.21) | 7.70 (3.78, 11.62) | 28.06 |
Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.33 (0.89, 2.00) | 18.94 (16.37, 21.91) | 24.81 (20.42, 30.15) | 5.55 (1.92, 9.18) | 22.36 |
Women | ||||||
No. of participants | 7801 | 251 | 11773 | 634 | ||
Probable PTSD, n (%) | 213 (2.7) | 13 (5.2) | 4374 (37.2) | 317 (50.0) | ||
Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.70 (0.96, 3.02) | 21.62 (18.76, 24.90) | 31.42 (25.52, 38.68) | 9.10 (3.88, 14.33) | 28.98 |
Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.54 (0.87, 2.75) | 21.19 (18.39, 24.41) | 28.39 (22.99, 35.04) | 6.66 (1.89, 11.43) | 23.45 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tezuka, K.; Kubota, Y.; Ohira, T.; Nakano, H.; Maeda, M.; Yabe, H.; Yasumura, S.; Harigane, M.; Shimizu, Y.; Okada, T.; et al. Synergistic Effect of History of Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Distress on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910283
Tezuka K, Kubota Y, Ohira T, Nakano H, Maeda M, Yabe H, Yasumura S, Harigane M, Shimizu Y, Okada T, et al. Synergistic Effect of History of Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Distress on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910283
Chicago/Turabian StyleTezuka, Kazuhide, Yasuhiko Kubota, Tetsuya Ohira, Hironori Nakano, Masaharu Maeda, Hirooki Yabe, Seiji Yasumura, Mayumi Harigane, Yuji Shimizu, Takeo Okada, and et al. 2021. "Synergistic Effect of History of Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Distress on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910283